Q2. What are the future works in this paper?
These limitations also lead to future research directions. Although energy efficiency and carbon emissions represent two AC C EP TE D M AN U SC R IP T important domains of firm environmental performance, future research may extend the analysis to other specific dimensions of corporate environmental sustainability. Future studies may investigate this issue in the context of developing countries since the business environment and level of R & D investment ( at firm level ) is significantly different from developed countries to developing nations. Finally, although this study is one of the pioneer studies that investigate the role of R & D on energy consumption and carbon emissions, future studies can be more specific and investigate the impact of environmental R & D on firm ’ s environmental performance once the data becomes available for G-6 countries.
Q3. What is the effect of R&D investment on energy intensity?
R&D investment has a negative impact on energy intensity that is significant at the 1% level suggesting that higher R&D investment improves (coefficient = -32.077) the energy efficiency.
Q4. What is the role of business enterprises in increasing carbon emissions?
Business enterprises play a significant role in increased carbon emissions due to theirenergy consumption for producing goods and services.
Q5. What are the pioneers in corporate R&D?
In terms of firm-level R&D investment, firms in the G6 countries such as Amazon, Toyota, Apple and Johnson & Johnson are the pioneers in corporate R&D investment.
Q6. What is the key question corporate managers are now facing?
the vital question corporate managers are now facing is how to minimise environmental impacts without reducing firm performance (Lee and Min, 2014).
Q7. What is the main argument of Greening et al. (2000)?
Greening et al. (2000) argue that if the improved energy efficiency leads to drop the energy price, then the reduced price encourages individuals and business enterprises to consume more energy which ultimately rises energy use and carbon emissions.
Q8. What is the relationship between energy and carbon emissions intensities and leverage?
The relationship between energy and carbon emissions intensities and leverage is predicted to be positive in the eyes of the fund providers because the firm’s clean environmental practices result in more sustainable firms.
Q9. How does the study show that R&D investment has a significant effect on improving energy efficiency?
By employing country-level panel data, the authors show that R&D investment have considerable effect on improving energy efficient know-how and technology.