Translated from the official German naval history of the First World War, this account is based upon the war diaries of the commanding officers involved and makes extensive use of the texts of naval staff memoranda andinstructions, operation and war orders, and German wireless messages. Concentrating on the North Sea area, the volume begins with an examination of the background of the conflict and the preliminary German preparations for the warvis-a-vis those of the British Navy, and then proceeds to the early operations of the two fleets during August 1914. The detailed treatment reflects theimportance of this initial stage of the contest, in which are exhibited the maritime planning and determinations that set the course of the entire naval conduct of the war: the blockade by Britain and the German employment of the submarine and mine warfare. Relevant appendices, tables, and charts accompany each part. English translation of Der krieg in der Nordsee ________. The War in the North Sea. Volume I. From the Beginning of the War to the First of September, 1914. Part 2. Chapters 5,6; Appendices 14-21; Charts 1835. Newport, RI: Naval War College, 1937. (ADA003032). 220 p. English translation of Der krieg in der Nordsee. Halpern, Paul G. A naval history of World War I. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, c1994. 591 p. NPS/DKL Location: RESERVE D580 .H34 1994 Hoehling, Adolph A. The Great War at sea: a history of naval action, 1914-1918. Crowell, [1965]. 336 p. NPS/DKL Location: GENERAL D580 .H6 ________. The Great War at sea: a history of naval action 1914-18. New York: Galahad Books, [1975] c1965. 336 p. Originally published: New York, Crowell, 1965. ________. The Great War at sea: a history of naval action, 1914-18. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1978, c1965. 336 p. Reprint of the edition published by Crowell, New York, 1965. Newbolt, Henry John, Sir. A naval history of the war. London, Hodder & Stoughton limited, [1920]. 350 p. Plaschka, Richard Georg. Matrosen, Offiziere, Rebellen: Krisenkonfrontationen zur See, 1900-1918: Taku, Tsushima, Coronel/Falkland, "Potemkin," Wilhelmshaven, Cattaro. Wien: H. Bohlau, 1984. (Veroffentlichungen des Osterreichischen Ostund Sudosteuropa-Instituts; Bd. 12-13). 2 v. Reynolds, Francis Joseph et al, ed. The story of the Great War. New York, P.F. Collier & son, [c1916-1920]. 16 v. NPS/DKL Location: BUCKLEY D521 .R4

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Submarine Warfare in the 20 th & 21 st Centuries: A Bibliography

In this article, we discuss some ecological-evolutionary strategies that allow synchronization of organisms, resources, and conditions. Survival and reproduction require synchronization of life cycles of organisms with favourable environmental and ecological features and conditions. This interactive synchronization can occur directly, through pairwise or diffuse co-evolution, or indirectly, for example, as a result of actions of ecosystem engineers and facilitator species. Observations of specific interactions, especially those which have coevolved, may give the false impression that evolution results in optimal genotypes or phenotypes. However, some phenotypes may arise under evolutionary constraints, such as simultaneous evolution of multiple traits, lack of a chain of fit transitional forms leading to an optimal phenotype, or by limits inherent in the process of selection, set by the number of selective deaths and by interference between linked variants. Although there are no optimal phenotypes, optimization models applied to particular species may be useful for a better understanding of the nature of adaptations. The evolution of adaptive strategies results in variable life histories. These strategies can minimize adverse impacts on the fitness of extreme or severe environmental conditions on survival and reproduction, and may include reproductive strategies such as semelparity and iteroparity, or morphological, physiological, or behavioural traits such as diapause, seasonal polyphenism, migration, or bet-hedging. However, natural selection cannot indefinitely maintain intra-population variation, and lack of variation can ultimately extinguish populations.

background

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The evolutionary ecology of interactive synchronism: the illusion of the optimal phenotype

I - Introduction. The Intel chip based personal computer world is awash with benchmarks. Open any personal computer magazine and you will find personalcomputers rated with WinMarks, iComps, Bytemarks or some other benchmark. On the other hand, the RISC (Reduced Instruction SetComputer) and Unix operating system workstation are usually benchmarked with the SPECMarks from the Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation (SPEC). While there are other benchmarks for RISC machines, most people agree the SPECint and SPECfp provide a standard for comparing the integer and floating point capabilities of the different types of RISC computers. Two of the most important characteristics of a networked RISC workstation are the CPU's integer and floating point performance; the SPECMarks measure these two features verywell.The SPECMarks also run on Intel based personal computers and the statistics are available [SPEC-b], but they are not normally used to evaluate personal computers. There are several reasons SPECMarks are not frequently used to judge personal computers. To begin with, the SPECMarks are expensive, take the better part of a day to run on any one machine, and require a minimum of 64 Mbytes of main memory [Yager]. In addition to not being practical for the average person to run, the SPECMarks only test CPU and memory performance. They do not test many of the components personal computer users want measured, such as disk I/O and video speed.The SPECMarks have other problems beyond being impractical for many machines. The SPECMarks commonly available from the manufacturers and other sources usually do not list important factors that are needed to make valid comparisons. When a benchmark is run there are many characteristics that should be reported, such as the operating system type and version, the size of main memory and cache, and compiler and compiler settings used to create the executable code [Ahmad, Fleming, Muchsel, and Sill]. These and many other factors are usually missing from the manufacturer's technical reports - often only the SPECMarks themselves are available.Because of these problems with the SPECMarks, we developed a small set of benchmarks to compare different CPU types, memory systems,and operating systems. We wanted the benchmarks to be able to scale well across different CPU types and operating systems. For example, if a benchmark test runs at a certain speed on one computer, a second computer that is identical to the first except for the CPU should run the test faster or slower by a factor depending only on the difference in the CPU. Similarly, if the benchmark is testing memory access or capacity, the size and speed of the memory can change the results. On the other hand, the tests must provide a fair assessment of a computer's overall capabilities and allow comparisons of different computers and operating systems. If there are anomalies in the data the benchmarks produce, these anomalies should be explainable by the different CPU, memory architectures, or operating systems. Once the tests are run, a fair comparison can be made between the different CPU types and different operating systems.

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Citations

Submarine Warfare in the 20 th & 21 st Centuries: A Bibliography

The evolutionary ecology of interactive synchronism: the illusion of the optimal phenotype

The Case for Personal Computers as Workstations

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