Mortars and plasters—how to manage mortars and plasters conservation
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TLDR
The use of mortars and plasters has been widespread in many cultures for thousands of years and these materials are found in the vast majority of built cultural heritage as mentioned in this paper, and they play a crucial role in the preservation of immovable heritage and must be taken into consideration when conserving historical buildings.Abstract:
The use of mortars and plasters has been widespread in many cultures for thousands of years and these materials are found in the vast majority of built cultural heritage. They play a crucial role in the preservation of immovable heritage and must be taken into great consideration when conserving historical buildings. Plasters and mortars have been extensively studied from a chemical and mineralogical point of view. The main causes and mechanisms of damage and deterioration are understood and various methods and materials have been developed for their preservation. Treatment development, testing and evaluation in the laboratory, under controlled conditions, has produced a high level of knowledge. However, there is a divergence between the results of academic-scientific studies and practice in the field. Laboratory studies typically tackle only a few variables at the time and the results cannot always be directly applied to address the complex problems that restorers face in their daily work practice. In addition, in situ conservation-restoration is extremely challenging because many of large number of variables involved cannot be controlled or modified. Following a description of the ideal “value-based” conservation process, this compilation work discusses aspects related to understanding deterioration mechanisms and planning of preventive and remedial interventions in a way that may be useful to update conservators-restorers on the status of scientific research in this field, and to guide conservation-scientists to identify unresolved issues, which require future research efforts.read more
Citations
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Mortars and plasters—how to characterise hydraulic mortars
Anna Arizzi,Giuseppe Cultrone +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the most widely accepted analytical techniques and physical-mechanical tests used in the characterisation of historic mortars and plasters is presented, paying special attention to aspects relating to the chemical, mineralogical and petrographic investigation of the calcium silicate and aluminate hydrated phases that may indicate the use of one or other hydraulic binder.
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Characterizing the pigments and paints of prehistoric artists
Inés Domingo,Annalisa Chieli +1 more
TL;DR: A broad and critical overview of current discussions on the potential uses and the characterization of pigments in pre-history, with a special focus on prehistoric rock art, can be found in this paper.
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Pigments — Mercury-based red (cinnabar-vermilion) and white (calomel) and their degradation products
TL;DR: The history of cinnabar from its first uses in burials to modern oils on canvas can be summarized in this paper, with a brief introduction on mercury and contamination issues.
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Pigments—copper-based greens and blues
TL;DR: In this article, a review of copper-based pigments used in ancient and mediaeval works of art, especially in wall paintings and/or related polychromed decorations or statues, is presented.
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Pigments—the palette of organic colourants in wall paintings
TL;DR: The use of organic colourants in wall paintings has been given little attention in the past, perhaps on the assumption that they were rarely used by ancient artists as discussed by the authors, however, recent diagnostic studies brought evidence that their use was not fragmentary; on the contrary, there seems to be continuity in the centuries, at least with regard to the most widely used such as madder, Tyrian purple and indigo.
References
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Ammonium Phosphates as Consolidating Agents for Carbonatic Stone Materials Used in Architecture and Cultural Heritage: Preliminary Research
TL;DR: In this article, a study of the mechanism for the consolidating action of ammonium oxalate, treatment with ammonium phosphate was considered, which is very promising due to its high water solubility, absence of toxicity, and very low insolubility of the reaction product, calcium phosphate.
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Air lime mortars: What else do we need to know to apply them in conservation and rehabilitation interventions? A review
TL;DR: The use of air lime mortars in the conservation of old buildings has been discussed in this paper, however, their use in conservation interventions is still rare, despite all those efforts and evidences that lime is the most adequate mortars for building preservation.
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Testing the antibacterial activity of doped TiO2 for preventing biodeterioration of cultural heritage building materials
Mauro Francesco La Russa,Andrea Macchia,Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo,Filomena De Leo,Marianna Barberio,Pasquale Barone,Gino Mirocle Crisci,Clara Urzì +7 more
TL;DR: In this article, a set of experiments has been carried out testing M-doped TiO2 compounds for their efficiency as photocatalysts, for the chromatic changes induced by their application on stone surfaces and for their antibacterial activity against selected Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.
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Evaluation of the efficiency of water-repellent and biocide compounds against microbial colonization of mortars☆
Clara Urzì,Filomena De Leo +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of three hydrophobic compounds (RHODORSIL RC80, HYDROPHASE SUPERFICI and HYDROHAVE MALTE) applied alone or in combination with the biocide ALGOPHASE and with the new water miscible formulation (ALGOPHAVE PH025/d) were studied.
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Natural biocides for the conservation of stone cultural heritage: A review
TL;DR: In this paper, an extensive literature review on natural biocides for controlling bio-deterioration of stone using peer-reviewed articles between 1986 and 2018 is presented. But the most tested organisms were fungi, followed by cyanobacteria and algae, resulting in a lack of a robust and coherent assessment of best practices.