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Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality. By E. J. Hobsbawm. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. 191p. 39.50.

Somali Children and Youth's Experiences in Educational Spaces in North America: Reconstructing Identities and Negotiating the Past in the Present

The present paper illuminates collective memory as social representations in the context of intractable conflict. First it elaborates on the nature of collective memory as social representations, indicating that all the nations and ethnic groups need to have a narrative that tells the story about the group's past. These social representations tell a story that is functional and relevant to the society's present existence and future aspirations, as well as providing a meaning to social identity. Of special interest is the focus on the role of collective memory in societies involved in intractable conflict, because these social representations are determinative in maintaining and feeding the conflict and often function as a potent obstacle to conflict resolution and peace making process in general. The paper elaborates on the contents and functions of these social representations. Finally it describes the struggle between the social representations of collective memory between the two rivals in intractable conflict which often entertain contradictory and selective historical collective memories of the same past.

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Collective Memory as Social Representations

In the wake of 1989, talk of globalization was often celebratory. This was true not only among anti-communist ideologues, corporate elites, and followers of Fukuyama’s Hegelian announcement of the end of history. Enthusiasm for globalization was also prominent on the left. Even while an anti-corporate movement gathered strength, many were eager to proclaim the rise of international civil society as a transcendence of the nation-state. Very few listened to reminders that national struggles in much of the world were among the few viable forms of resistance to capitalist globalization. Many embraced an ideal of cosmopolitan democracy. That is, they embraced not just cosmopolitan tastes for cultural diversity (which too often rendered culture an object of external consumption rather than internal meaning); not just the notion of hybridity with its emphasis on porous bound-

Is it time to be postnational

This thesis presents an analysis of the recent transformations in the folk music scene in England. 
Through interviews of professional and amateur folk artists, it elicits musicians’ points of view about the music they perform and their own compositions. Adopting an ethnomusicological approach, it compares and contrasts theories of cultural globalisation with the musicians' perceptions of their position within the music scene and in relation to musical traditions in the twenty-first century. 
Exploring changes in music-making, collecting, and modes and contexts of transmission, this study considers how musical repertoire is exchanged, adapted and preserved within and beyond local communities through means such as archiving, pub sessions, workshops, festivals and formal tuition. 
From the perspectives of both artists and audiences, contemporary modes and contexts of transmission and the development of new technologies for recording, sharing and teaching music have been encouraging diverse transformations of perception, repertoire, composition and 
interpretation, as well as the dynamics of interaction between folk musicians. 
This thesis sheds light on how folk musicians’ horizons have expanded far beyond the local sphere; processes of globalisation have engendered global perspectives, new conceptualisations of what “traditional” and “folk” music are, complex identities reflected in musical hybridisation, new opportunities to access traditional and folk music, new forms of communication technology, demographical changes and cross-borders musical initiatives. The thesis demonstrates that, although the folk music scene in England might often be perceived as somewhat conservative in 
outlook and overshadowed by a profusion of widely disseminated contemporary popular musical products, many folk musicians have been open to transformation, adapting to new contexts and modes of transmission, embracing new communication technologies, and drawing influences from beyond the immediate local surrounding. At the same time as preserving musical heritage they have been enriching it in diverse ways to ensure its continued relevance.

Towards an ethnography of a culturally eclectic music scene : preserving and transforming folk music in twenty-first century England

What type of political association is the European Union? From the start of the European integration process, this question has puzzled scholars. Many different answers have been offered, but in the absence of an agreed response, most scholars implicitly avoid the issue by suggesting that the European Union is ‘sui generis’. In contrast, this thesis maintains that the European Union is a federation (Bund): a political union of states founded on a federal treaty-constitution that does not constitute a new federal state. The thesis maintains, further, that the federation is a discrete form of political association on a par with, though differentiated from, the empire and the state. The thesis aims to make three contributions. First, to contribute to the constitutional theory of the European Union by solving the mystery of its political form. Second, to contribute to the constitutional theory of the federation through an in-depth case study of the European Union as a federal union of states. Third, to contribute to both European Union studies and federalism studies by showing, first, how some of the most profound constitutional questions of the contemporary European Union raised by the rise of authoritarianism in Poland and Hungary and the Eurozone crisis can be properly understood on the basis of the constitutional theory of the federation. Second, by demonstrating how these contemporary issues shed light on the most difficult question for the constitutional theory of the federation: whether, to what extent and under what circumstances the Union has authority to intervene in the internal constitutional affairs of its Member States.

Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality. By E. J. Hobsbawm. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. 191p. 39.50.

Citations

Somali Children and Youth's Experiences in Educational Spaces in North America: Reconstructing Identities and Negotiating the Past in the Present

Collective Memory as Social Representations

Is it time to be postnational

Towards an ethnography of a culturally eclectic music scene : preserving and transforming folk music in twenty-first century England

The European Union as a federation: a constitutional analysis