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Noninvasive continuous cardiac output monitor

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TLDR
In this paper, the pulsatile thoracic impedance signal is processed to produce signals indicative of the ventricular ejection time and the maximum rate of change of pulsatile impedance which are used in a microprocessor to calculate the volume of blood pumped per stroke according to an improved systolic upstroke equation.
Abstract
The invention provides apparatus and methods for using the electrical bioimpedance measurements to monitor parameters associated with blood flow in a segment of body tissue. The invention eliminates the effect of respiration from the thoracic impedance as a function of time to provide a signal indicative of pulsatile thoracic impedance changes continuously. The pulsatile thoracic impedance signal is processed to produce signals indicative of the ventricular ejection time and the maximum rate of change of pulsatile thoracic impedance which are used in a microprocessor to calculate the volume of blood pumped per stroke according to an improved systolic upstroke equation.

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References
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Patent

System for determining characteristics of blood flow

TL;DR: In this article, a method and apparatus for determination and display of hemodynamic characteristic values of a patient in a variety of statistical forms and in relative or absolute terms, the measurement determination being made by non-invasive impedance plethysmography under control of a central processor.
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Impedance measuring system

TL;DR: In this article, a constant magnitude alternating current source is connected to at least one electrical impedance to be measured, and a computer is attached to the first and second voltage detectors for processing the measured voltage to compute desired characteristics of the electrical impedance.
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Impedance plethysmography method and apparatus

TL;DR: In this paper, a system using an impedance plethysmograph to measure the impedance of a body section, and circuitry having the impedance signal as an input for developing an output signal proportional to the volume rate of blood flow was presented.
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Flow rate computer adjunct for use with an impedance plethysmograph and method

TL;DR: In this article, a computer adjunct is used in combination with an impedance plethysmograph to measure the level of the artifact signals once each heart pumping cycle and generate a correction signal related thereto.
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Impedance plethysmograph and flow rate computer adjunct and method for use therewith

TL;DR: In this paper, a computer adjunct for use with an impedance plethysmograph which provides signals related to impedance in a biological segment is presented, and an adjustable amplifier is provided within the computer for interposing a signal having a predetermined value for providing normalized signal related to flow rate per volumetric unit of the biological segment.