Journal ArticleDOI
Pastoralism and Zimbabwe
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In this paper, excavation at the Zimbabwe (enclosure) of Manekweni, in southern coastal Mozambique, has shown that it belongs to the Zimbabwe Culture which was centred on the Rhodesian plateau.Abstract:
Excavations at the Zimbabwe (enclosure) of Manekweni, in southern coastal Mozambique, have shown that it belongs to the Zimbabwe Culture which was centred on the Rhodesian plateau. Occupation levels have been dated to between the twelfth and eighteenth centuries. The faunal evidence indicates that a section of the population benefited from intensive beef production through transhumant pastoralism on the seasonally-fluctuating fringes of tsetse fly infestation. The settlement pattern of Rhodesian Zimbabwe suggests that their siting was determined by the demands of a similar system of transhumance. This model provides a basis from which to begin to reconstruct some aspects of the economies of early Zimbabwe. It is already clear that Zimbabwe were not simply the products of long-distance trade; rather, their economies integrated farming and cattle-herding as well as gold production and foreign trade.read more
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The Effect of the Tsetse Fly on African Development
TL;DR: The authors found that ethnic groups inhabiting TseTse-suitable areas were less likely to use domesticated animals and the plow and had a lower population density, and these correlations are not found in the Tropics outside of Africa.
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Archaeology and Ethnohistory of the African Iron Age
TL;DR: In this article, the authors employ the results of these methods in a review of three long-standing problems: the Early Iron Age and the spread of Bantu speakers; the postulated transition from an Early to a Late Iron Age; and the origins of the Zimbabwe Culture.
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Peasants and Rural Social Protest in Africa
TL;DR: Peasants are an ambiguous social category and their political behavior defies most generalizations as discussed by the authors, and they are difficult to define and their social behavior is defying most generalization.
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Mapungubwe and the origins of the zimbabwe culture
TL;DR: The most complex society in precolonial southern Africa is the Zimbabwe culture as mentioned in this paper, which evolved between AD 1000 and 1300 at the sites of K2 and Mapungubwe.
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Archaeological evidence for climatic change during the last 2000 years in southern Africa
TL;DR: Shifting distributions of Iron Age villages in central and southern Africa provide independent cultural evidence for climatic change over the last 2000 years as discussed by the authors, and a warm and wet period characterized the main spread of the Early Iron Age, while a warm pulse in the 15th and 16th centuries created the conditions for mixed farming on the highveld.
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The Rise and Fall of Zimbabwe
TL;DR: Two hypotheses are available for the origin of the Zimbabwe culture: a religious hypothesis attributes its development to an African society in isolation, placing it in the class of a primary state; and a trade hypothesis maintains that it was a secondary state resulting from the gold trade as discussed by the authors.