The impact of psychological stress in recurrence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is unclear. Why some patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn's disease (CD) have unrelenting relapses whe...

Physiology, 1850-1923. The view from Michigan.

Relevance of major stress events as an indicator of disease activity prevalence in inflammatory bowel disease.

Heparin: the contributions of William Henry Howell.

The sections in this article are:


1
Swallowing
1.1
Cannon's First Roentgenological Observations

1.2
Swallowing Reflex

1.3
New Methods for Studying the Human Esophagus

1.4
Muscles and Nerves of the Esophagus

1.5
Sphincters of the Esophagus

1.6
Esophageal Peristalsis

1.7
Lower Esophageal Sphincter




2
Gastric Motility and Emptying
2.1
Peristalsis

2.2
Receptive Relaxation

2.3
Gastric Mixing and Digestion

2.4
Signs of Anxiety, Rage, or Distress

2.5
Periodic Activity

2.6
Pacemaker Potentials and Action Potentials

2.7
Pyloric Sphincter as Keeper of the Gate

2.8
Gastric Emptying

2.9
Mechanisms of Control of Gastric Emptying




3
Movements of the Small Intestine
3.1
Description

3.2
Boldyreff Revisited: Periodic Activity

3.3
Slow Waves, Spikes, and Contractions

3.4
Electrophysiology of Slow Waves and Spikes

3.5
Intestinal Gradient

3.6
Enteric Nervous System and Its Autonomic Connections

3.7
Peristaltic Reflex




4
Movements of the Colon
4.1
Ileocolic Junction and Antiperistalsis

4.2
Types of Movements of the Colon

4.3
Nervous Control of Movements of the Colon

4.4
Defecation and Continence

4.5
Aganglionosis: Megacolon

4.6
Psychosomatic Factors

Gastrointestinal Physiology, 1895–1975: Motility

This essay concerns the new vision of experimental physiology that was successfully fostered in American universities at the end of the nineteenth century. Integral to this new vision was a deep faith in the experimental method, a belief in the ultimate accessibility of life phenomena to analytical methods, and a recognition of the need for investigators to develop special tools and techniques by means of which the complicated phenomena of life might be analyzed into simpler components. This intellectual transformation involved the creation of a new social context for the production of physiological knowledge: research and teaching laboratories in which students investigated individual problems and learned how to question nature.1

Instruments and an Independent Physiology: The Harvard Physiological Laboratory, 1871–1906

Anniversaries have a way of eliciting from those who celebrate them an epitome, a summary judgment, of the past. The banquet celebrating the fiftieth anniversary of the American Physiological Society (APS), held in 1938, was no exception. Warren Plimpton Lombard, eighty-two years old and the retired professor of physiology at the University of Michigan, spoke to the assembled Society and engaged in a bit of reminiscence: 
In ‘85 I came back from Ludwig’s laboratory in Leipzig; like any other young man I was full of aspiration; I wanted to teach physiology and above all I wanted to get into a good laboratory where I could do some research work, because in Ludwig’s laboratory I caught the disease.1

Physiology, 1850-1923. The view from Michigan.

Citations

Relevance of major stress events as an indicator of disease activity prevalence in inflammatory bowel disease.

Heparin: the contributions of William Henry Howell.

Gastrointestinal Physiology, 1895–1975: Motility

Instruments and an Independent Physiology: The Harvard Physiological Laboratory, 1871–1906

American Physiologists in German Laboratories, 1865–1914