Lexicalization, a process of language change, has been conceptualized in a variety of ways. Broadly defined as the adoption of concepts into the lexicon, it has been viewed by syntacticians as the reverse process of grammaticalization, by morphologists as a routine process of word-formation, and by semanticists as the development of concrete meanings. In this up-to-date survey, Laurel Brinton and Elizabeth Traugott examine the various conceptualizations of lexicalization that have been presented in the literature. In light of contemporary work on grammaticalization, they then propose a new, unified model of lexicalization and grammaticalization. Their approach is illustrated with a variety of case studies from the history of English, including present participles, multi-word verbs, adverbs, and discourse markers, as well as some examples from other Indo-European languages. The first review of the various approaches to lexicalization, this book will be invaluable to students and scholars of historical linguistics and language change.

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Relating Events in Narrative, Volume 2 : Typological and Contextual Perspectives

Lexicalization and Language Change

This paper provides a new perspective on the options available to languages for encoding directed motion events. Talmy (2000) introduces an influential two-way typology, proposing that languages adopt either verb- or satellite-framed encoding of motion events. This typology is augmented by Slobin (2004b) and Zlatev & Yangklang (2004) with a third class of equipollently-framed languages. We propose that the observed options can instead be attributed to: (i) the motion-independent morphological, lexical, and syntactic resources languages make available for encoding manner and path of motion, (ii) the role of the verb as the single clause-obligatory lexical category that can encode either manner or path, and (iii) extra-grammatical factors that yield preferences for certain options. Our approach accommodates the growing recognition that most languages straddle more than one of the previously proposed typological categories: a language may show both verb- and satelliteframed patterns, or if it allows equipollent-framing, even all three patterns. We further show that even purported verb-framed languages may not only allow but actually prefer satellite-framed patterns when appropriate contextual support is available, a situation unexpected if a two- or three-way typology is assumed. Finally, we explain the appeal of previously proposed two- and three-way typologies: they capture the encoding options predicted to be preferred once certain external factors are recognized, including complexity of expression and biases in lexical inventories.

/pdf/the-typology-of-motion-expressions-revisited-2lckf7dwlc.pdf

The typology of motion expressions revisited

Languages differ considerably in the attention that they pay to manner as a dimension of motion events. One factor that seems to influence attention to manner is a language’s lexicalization pattern. Following Talmy’s well-known dichotomy of verb-framed and satellite-framed languages, the latter type provides more readily accessible constructions that include path and manner in compact form. In this chapter it is proposed that the dichotomy be expanded to included an “equipollent” type, in which both path and manner receive equal weight. Furthermore, other factors also contribute to the degree of “manner salience” of a particular language. In particular, language-specific morphosyntax, the availability of ideophones, and the availability of motion-related lexical categories (such as posture verbs) are three sorts of factors that interact with lexicalization patterns in influencing manner salience. It is proposed that linguistically-expressed manner salience can influence attention to details of experienced motion events as well as mental imagery formed on the basis of reception of motion event descriptions in speech or writing.

background or methods

/pdf/what-makes-manner-of-motion-salient-explorations-in-1tv242uwc3.pdf

What makes manner of motion salient? Explorations in linguistic typology, discourse, and cognition

In this study we argue that narrative storytelling and expository discussion, as 2 distinct discourse genres, differ both in linguistic expression and in their underlying principles of organization—schema-based in narratives and category-based in exposition. Innovative analyses applied to 160 personal-experience narratives and expository essays written by schoolchildren, adolescents, and adults on the shared topic of interpersonal conflict point to certain apparently contradictory facts about developing discourse abilities in the 2 genres. For example, genre differentiation is established early on (even the youngest children distinguish between the 2 types of discourse), but with age, participants tend to diverge from genre-typical content (by including expository-type generalizations in narratives and narrative-like incidents in expository texts). Also, across age groups, in local linguistic expression, participants use more advanced vocabulary and grammar in expository than in narrative texts, ...

background

Comparing Narrative and Expository Text Construction Across Adolescence: A Developmental Paradox

Acknowledgements Introduction Technology in the Field Starting to Work on a Language Data Organisation and Archiving Fieldwork on Phonetics and Phonology Eliciting: Basic Morphology and Syntax Further Morphology and Syntax Lexical and Semantic Data and Dictionary Making Discourse, Pragmatics and Narrative Data Consultants and Field Locations Ethical Field Research Grant Application Writing Working with Existing Materials Fieldwork Results Appendices References Index

http://roozbehhormozi.persiangig.com/document/Linguistic%20Fieldwork%20-%20a%20practical%20guide.pdf

Relating Events in Narrative, Volume 2 : Typological and Contextual Perspectives

Citations

Lexicalization and Language Change

The typology of motion expressions revisited

What makes manner of motion salient? Explorations in linguistic typology, discourse, and cognition

Comparing Narrative and Expository Text Construction Across Adolescence: A Developmental Paradox

Linguistic Fieldwork: A Practical Guide

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From “thought and language” to “thinking for speaking”