Stimulated by recent high-profile incidents, concerns about business ethics have increased over the last decade. In response, research has focused on developing theoretical and empirical frameworks to understand ethical decision making. So far, empirical studies have used traditional quantitative tools, such as regression or multiple discriminant analysis (MDA), in ethics research. More advanced tools are needed. In this exploratory research, a new approach to classifying, categorizing and analyzing ethical decision situations is presented. A comparative performance analysis of artificial neural networks, MDA and chance showed that artificial neural networks predict better in both training and testing phases. While some limitations of this approach were noted, in the field of business ethics, such networks are promising as an alternative to traditional analytic tools like MDA.

Rich Man's War: Class, Caste, and Confederate Defeat in the Lower Chattahoochee Valley

Comprehensive bibliography

During the American Civil War, widely held Christian values and doctrines affected Confederate generals’ understanding and conduct of the war. This study examines the extent and the manner of religion’s influence on the war effort and the minds and lives of Confederate generals. Letters, diaries, and memoirs are used in addition to war reports and secondary sources to understand the range and complexity of this topic. Based on the supposition that each person’s religion is a unique relationship between a human being and his or her Creator, this study analyses the uniqueness of the generals’ religious beliefs using biographical details. Religion had a variety of effects on these Southern military leaders. Some highranking generals, such as Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson, embraced the virtues of faith, hope and charity as the basis of their religious behaviour. Others such as Jubal Early simply used religion to instill morality and discipline in their soldiers. Confederate generals possessed religious convictions about slavery that enabled them to support or ignore the peculiar institution. Their understanding of Providence gave them confidence in the power of their armies, and in their petitions to God. Many Confederate generals performed their duty not only through a sense of civil obligation but also religious mission. Pious generals led their men and fought the war according to Christian ethics. Many Confederate military leaders died fighting not only for their country, but for their God. Religious beliefs, specifically a belief in absolute Providence, encouraged some generals to be reckless with their lives and to believe death was not the end of their existence, but rather a new beginning. This study examines some of the manifold relationships between religion and warfare in the Civil War South and argues that an understanding of the religious faith and practices of generals needs to be taken into account when writing military history. By integrating and comparing the religion of different Confederate generals this study offers a greater awareness of how religion influenced the conduct of the generals and the Civil

/pdf/religious-rebels-the-religious-views-and-motivations-of-1lj7koyx9r.pdf

Religious Rebels: The Religious Views and Motivations of Confederate Generals

Encamped near Harper’s Ferry, Virginia, on September 15, 1861, Col. John White Geary of the 28 Pennsylvania Infantry wrote to his wife, Mary Church Henderson Geary. Geary described the majestic scene before him as the Potomac and Shenandoah Rivers converged at a point before traveling toward the Chesapeake Bay. Sitting at the confluence of these two important waterways, Geary depicted the Potomac River as being “a clear beautiful stream, it’s [sic] resistless tide rushing headlong over the rocky surface of its channel and roaring with the voice of many waters.” Conversely, Geary perceived the Shenandoah River as being “very muddy at present, and rolls its waters along with equal haste, into the same channel with the Potomac, but the waters seem to refuse to commingle and become one.” Geary juxtaposed his description of these two bodies of water “refusing to join their waters and mingle into one grand kindred stream” against the United States’ inability to overcome its own political, economic, and social differences and reunite as one country. Geary’s metaphor also can be applied to the contested borderland of Jefferson County, West Virginia. Four years of continual encampments, foraging, marching, and skirmishing during the American Civil War significantly transformed Jefferson County’s social, economic, and political institutions. This borderland county served as a contested and negotiated landscape as both Union and Confederate armies sought to gain control of the region’s valuable industries and transportation networks. By relying upon

Refusing to Join Their Waters and Mingle into One Grand Kindred Stream; The Transformation of Jefferson County, West Virginia in the Civil War Era

This dissertation examines merchant families in the antebellum and Confederate South. Specifically it focuses upon what historians have come to call the "middling sort," that group falling between the mass of yeoman farmers and the planter class that dominated the political economy of the antebellum South. In addition to investigating the experiences of urban merchants, village storekeepers, and small-scale factors, this study is the first to examine the roles these merchants and their families played within the political economy and southern society at large. Through interpreting diaries, letters, newspapers, R.G. Dun & Company credit reports, and other sources, the dissertation reveals the peculiar strains of modem liberal capitalist and conservative thought that imbued the culture of southern merchants. Fundamentally these merchant families embraced the South but were not of the South. Exploring the values men and women in merchant families espoused not only offers new insight into southern history but helps deepen our understanding of the mutable ties between regional identity and the marketplace that prevailed in nineteenth-century America. These merchant families embraced the South but were not of the South. At a time when most southerners rarely traveled far firom their homes, merchants annually sallied forth on buying junkets to northern cities. While the majority of men and women enjoyed only limited formal instruction, merchant families often achieved a level of education rivaled by only the planter class. Most important, the southern merchant community

Becoming bourgeois : merchant culture in the antebellum and confederate south /

This is the story of two communities, Carteret and Craven County, at the southern tip of North Carolina’s Outer Banks, and how the experience of Union military occupation shaped the inhabitants and the soldiers who occupied the region. Occupied in March 1862, both communities remained under Union occupation for the remainder of the war. The white residents had a strong streak of pre-war Unionism, and appeared to welcome the Union soldiers when they first arrived. However, by 1865, these residents would alter their allegiance and develop a strong sense of southern nationalism as a result of what they perceived as a harsh, oppressive, and racially radical occupation. African Americans in the region utilized Union soldiers to empower themselves and gain independence and autonomy in the face of white hostility, while prolonged occupation duty caused many negative reactions from the Union soldiers who had to act as administrators and policemen in the region. There was a symbiotic relationship between military and civilian forces during and after the war. The individual and collective actions that local white residents, slaves, and soldiers took affected the economic, social, political, and cultural dynamics of the region. After the war, whites furiously sought to re-establish racial control, and held inhabitants accountable for their wartime actions, presaging why Reconstruction would be so difficult in the region and the South. This work traces the development of white Confederate and Unionist loyalties in both regions, shedding light on the nature of Unionism and southern identity formation. Writ large, this work utilizes the experience of two adjacent communities to offer new directions in which to view the construction of personal and national identities as well as the nature of military occupation in the Civil War and beyond.

Rich Man's War: Class, Caste, and Confederate Defeat in the Lower Chattahoochee Valley

Citations

Comprehensive bibliography

Religious Rebels: The Religious Views and Motivations of Confederate Generals

Refusing to Join Their Waters and Mingle into One Grand Kindred Stream; The Transformation of Jefferson County, West Virginia in the Civil War Era

Becoming bourgeois : merchant culture in the antebellum and confederate south /

Wearing the mask of nationality lightly

Related Papers (5)

After Secession: Jefferson Davis and the Failure of Confederate Nationalism

Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy

Why Confederates Fought : Family and Nation in Civil War Virginia

For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War

Civil Wars: Women and the Crisis of Southern Nationalism