The issues of inconsistency of some terms used in descriptive geometry with the rules of GOST R 2.105-2019 ESCD "General Requirements for Text Documents", as well as related to the projection of surfaces, are considered. The structure of descriptive geometry’s textbooks is considered, according to which all textbooks of this discipline have been built up until recently. This structure forms a sequence in the study of descriptive geometry in almost all higher education institutes. Criticism of this structure, which has been using for teaching since time immemorial without significant changes what, in particular, presents significant difficulties in descriptive geometry studying, is given. 
In contrast with the existing structure, a new one is proposed (if the structure proposed near 50 years ago can be called new), but this new structure is almost nowhere used for release of information on descriptive geometry. This proposed structure is scientifically justified, practically verified and offered for universal use. 
In addition, the classification of positional and metric problems, and use of algorithms common for them is proposed. 
The proposed structure contains the following sections: 1. Basic concepts of descriptive geometry. 2. Set up of geometric figures in a drawing. 3. Positional problems. 4. Metric problems. 5. Conversion methods. 6. Involutes. 
The sections arranged in the proposed coherent system, considered separately from each other and not subject to mixing, make it possible to systematize and algorithmize the processes of descriptive geometry layout and studying.

The Origins of Formation of Descriptive Geometry

A Systematic Approach to the Study of Descriptive Geometry

In this paper, a completely different statement about the ownership of images is proposed from the generally accepted opinion. First there are definitions of well-known concepts, such as the purpose of descriptive geometry, its method, its subject. Then, gradually approaching the opinion that descriptive geometry is the theory of images, it is said about those areas of knowledge and human activity that are impossible without descriptive geometry. It is shown that images are characteristic of absolutely all areas of human activity. Mention is made of painters, graphic artists and sculptors who study descriptive geometry during training. The first drawings made on the walls of caves are mentioned, which indicates the use of descriptive geometry even before the conscious division of science into different branches of research. It is shown that any image is a mental activity of the brain, which includes the works of abstractionists to any works of painters, as well as to the halo of belonging to descriptive geometry. And since descriptive geometry deals with abstract points, lines and compartments of surfaces, then all directions of images consisting of points, lines and compartments of surfaces simply have to be attached to the field of activity of descriptive geometry.

About images

In the field of modern education, not only in Mongolia, but also in world renowned technical and technological universities, teaching has moved from a theoretical basis to research universities. Universities are becoming corporate institutions. In this regard, it is necessary to make significant changes in the content of the curriculum. The main trend in modern engineering education is to train specialists with highly developed technical thinking for any field of activity.&#x0D; With this in mind, an attempt was made to outline the theoretical basis for determining the role of descriptive geometry and engineering graphics in professional education. For this, satisfaction surveys of students, graduates and employers were conducted and the results are analyzed, complex educational competencies are determined, the special role of standards in engineering and graphic education is noted, as well as the importance of feedback between different levels of education (school, basic academic, fundamental and professional). It is concluded that the changes taking place in modern engineering education, in general, lead to a reduction in the gap between the skills of a university graduate and the requirements of employers, that one of the urgent tasks of modern engineering and graphic education is the development of basic textbooks based on new forms and teaching methods in addition to the Internet environment, that the geometric-graphic cycle is key for students to master the most important complex engineering competence, and that the feedback between different levels of geometric-graphic education should be deepened in order to increase the effectiveness of its study. 

Trends of Training in Engineering Graphics

The purpose of this study is to develop an algorithm for solving educational computational and graphic work from a cycle of constructive tasks of engineering and construction design (construction graphics) by computer geometric modeling in the environment of the domestic nanoCAD program. Algorithmization of the solution of the problem was carried out on the example of a training task from the cycle of graphic works in the course "Engineering and computer graphics", which is performed by students in the first semester and is the basis for solving problems of engineering and construction design. It is shown that the use of computer geometric modeling methods by means of modern software products makes it possible to speed up the process of solving a problem, simplify the calculation of the necessary data and visualize the results, which together contribute to an increase in the didactic effect and mastering the learning competencies necessary in future professional activities. Computer geometric modeling contributes to the understanding of the principles of modern information technologies, and also instills the skills to use them to solve more complex educational problems and tasks of future professional activity. Thus, the application of the proposed algorithm of computer geometric modeling in solving educational and applied problems within the framework of the training course "Engineering and Computer Graphics" in the preparation of students of engineering and construction profile, as well as in the performance of research and design activities is appropriate.

Solving Educational and Applied Engineering and Construction Problems by Computer Graphics Methods

Among specialists prevails the primitive view, according to Prof. G.S. Ivanov, on descriptive geometry only as on a \"grammar of a technical language\", as it characterized V.I. Kurdyumov in the XIX Century. If in the century before last his definition was actual, although many contemporaries had a different opinion, then a century and a half later this definition became outdated, especially since have been revealed the close relationships of descriptive geometry with related sections: analytical, parametric, differential geometry, etc., and descriptive geometry became an applied mathematical science. In this paper it has been shown that an image is obtained as a result of display (projection). In this connection, according to prof. N.A. Sobolev, \"All visual images – documentary, geometrographic, and creative ones – are formed on the projection principle\". In other words, they belong, in essence, to descriptive geometry. Thus, all made by hand creative images – drawings, paintings, sculptures – can be attributed with great confidence to descriptive geometry as a theory of images. These creative images, of course, have a non-obvious projection origin, nevertheless, according to Prof. N.A. Sobolev, \"They, including the most abstract fantasies, are essentially the projection ones\". Further in the paper it has been shown which disciplines apply some or other of graphic models, and has been considered a number of drawings belonging to different textbooks, in which graphic models are present. Thus, clearly, and also referring to the authorities in the area of images and descriptive geometry, it has been proved that each of the mentioned textbooks has a direct or indirect connection with descriptive geometry, and descriptive geometry itself is present in all textbooks, at least, in the technical and medical ones.

The Origins of Formation of Descriptive Geometry

Citations

A Systematic Approach to the Study of Descriptive Geometry

About images

Trends of Training in Engineering Graphics

Solving Educational and Applied Engineering and Construction Problems by Computer Graphics Methods

References

The Phenomenon of Descriptive Geometry Existence in Other Student Courses

Descriptive Geometry until 1917

Art and Descriptive Geometry

Perspective geometry. Basic course