How about macrophage function in nude mice?4 answersMacrophages play crucial roles in various processes in nude mice. Studies have shown that macrophages are involved in ECM remodeling after fat grafting, influencing adipocyte survival and adipogenesis. Additionally, macrophages respond to wear particles in joint replacements, potentially leading to periprosthetic osteolysis and implant loosening. Furthermore, activated human macrophages have demonstrated therapeutic effectiveness against tumors in nude mice, inducing tumor regression or slowing down growth. Moreover, exposure to different temperatures affects macrophage markers in nude mice, with increased proportions of macrophage marker-bearing cells in response to cold exposure. Overall, macrophages in nude mice exhibit diverse functions, ranging from tissue remodeling to immune responses and therapeutic interventions.
How to transfection 8kb protein mRNA into mouse cells in vivo?4 answersTo transfect 8kb protein mRNA into mouse cells in vivo, mRNA electroporation can be used as an efficient method for genetic manipulation in the developing and adult brain. Another option is to use cationic liposomes, which have been developed for mRNA transfection and have shown better transfection efficiency and lower toxicity compared to commercial cationic liposome reagents. Additionally, a Cre recombinase-based system can be employed to visualize successfully transfected cells in bulk tissues and with single-cell resolution, allowing for the identification and characterization of mRNA delivery vectors to new tissues and cell types. It is also possible to achieve high efficiency transfection rates in mouse and human neurosphere cell cultures using lipofection and electroporation techniques. However, the transfection capacity of receptor-mediated gene transfer method (RMGT) and particle bombardment (helios gene gun system - HGG) should be assessed in different cell types ex vivo and in vivo.
Is CDK4 expressed or present in macrophages?3 answersCDK4 is expressed in macrophages. Yang et al. identified CDK4 as one of the key proteins in the network influenced by tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in ovarian carcinoma cells. Peckert-Maier et al. showed that CD83, a marker for pro-resolving alternatively activated macrophages (AAM), is important for the phenotype and function of these macrophages. Furudate et al. investigated the involvement of TAMs in different stages of mycosis fungoides (MF) and found that periostin, a stromal factor, affects the mRNA expression of chemokines and MMPs in macrophages. Sypek and Wyler demonstrated that membrane-associated TNF on CD4+ T cells, which are effector cells in defense against Leishmania major, is involved in the activation of antileishmanial defense in macrophages. Li et al. showed that VSIG4, exclusively expressed on macrophages, plays a role in renal tubulointerstitial injury and inhibits T cell infiltration.
Does the literature mention a way to induce CDK4 expression in macrophages or monocytes?5 answersThe literature does mention a way to induce CDK4 expression in macrophages or monocytes. It has been found that p21 and cyclin D1 act cooperatively as activators of Cdk4 through the release of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs) of the INK4 family. Additionally, the activation of CD4 via interaction with major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) triggers cytokine expression and the differentiation of human monocytes into functional mature macrophages. This suggests that CD4 ligation can induce macrophage differentiation of monocytes, which may have implications for HIV infection and persistence in the macrophage compartment.
Can macrophages make antibodies?5 answers
Where are monocytes produced?4 answers