Whare are the current limitations of cross lingual information retrieval systems?5 answersCurrent limitations of cross-lingual information retrieval systems include performance gaps between high and low-resource languages due to unbalanced pre-training data, the challenge of learning phrase representations for cross-lingual phrase retrieval, and the scarcity of cross-lingual training data in emergent domains. Additionally, the lack of cross-lingual retrieval data for low-resource languages makes training cross-lingual retrieval models more challenging. Furthermore, existing methods often focus on word or sentence-level representations, neglecting the need for effective phrase representations in cross-lingual retrieval tasks. These limitations hinder the optimal performance and generalizability of cross-lingual information retrieval systems, especially in scenarios involving low-resource languages and emerging domains.
Why retrieval is important in learning a foreign language?4 answersRetrieval is important in learning a foreign language because it enhances vocabulary retention and comprehension. Studies have shown that retrieval practice, where learners are required to produce the language items from memory, leads to better comprehension and production of the words. It has been found that repeated testing produces a large positive effect on delayed recall of vocabulary words. Additionally, retrieval practice improves subsequent encoding during study, leading to better learning outcomes. Incorporating effective encoding techniques, such as the keyword mnemonic, prior to retrieval practice can further enhance its effectiveness in vocabulary learning. Furthermore, the keyword-mediated retrieval has been shown to be more effective than unmediated retrieval. Overall, retrieval practice plays a crucial role in consolidating learning and promoting better retention of foreign language vocabulary.
What factors influence the accuracy of machine translation in different languages?5 answersFactors that influence the accuracy of machine translation in different languages include linguistic factors such as part of speech, affixes, number, gender, punctuation, and sentence complexity. Additionally, discourse structure and the use of discourse devices to organize information in a sentence can significantly impact translation quality. The presence of multiple explicit discourse connectives and ambiguous discourse connectives in the translation can also affect accuracy. Furthermore, the arrangement of words in the dictionary with POS tags and word sense can contribute to the efficiency of the translation system. These factors highlight the importance of considering linguistic and discourse-related aspects when developing machine translation models for different languages.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using multilingual text mining?5 answersMultilingual text mining has several advantages and disadvantages. On the positive side, multilingual text processing allows for the extraction of complementary information from different languages, both in terms of facts and opinions. It enables the development of natural language processing applications for many languages, which can be useful for tasks such as information extraction and text analysis. However, there are also challenges associated with multilingual text mining. The development effort per language is usually large, and even with self-training tools, providing training data and manually tuning the results can be considerable. Additionally, the guidelines for developing multilingual text mining applications, such as extreme simplicity, can be restrictive and limiting. Overall, while multilingual text mining offers valuable insights, it requires significant effort and resources to overcome its limitations.
Which data augmentation techniques are most effective for improving cross-lingual retrieval?5 answersData augmentation techniques that have been found to be effective for improving cross-lingual retrieval include generative models for synthesizing examples and adversarial training for robustness. Additionally, language- and domain-specialization, as well as data augmentation, have been shown to be helpful, especially for low-resource languages. The use of pretrained multilingual representation models and the augmentation of training data with automatically generated question-answer pairs from Wikipedia passages have also been found to mitigate the issue of data scarcity and improve cross-lingual retrieval performance.
How Multilingual is Multilingual BERT?”?4 answersMultilingual BERT (M-BERT) is a language model that has been pre-trained on monolingual corpora in 104 languages. It has shown surprising effectiveness in zero-shot cross-lingual model transfer, where it can be fine-tuned in one language and evaluated in another. Probing experiments have revealed that M-BERT can transfer even to languages with different scripts and works best between typologically similar languages. It has also been found that M-BERT can train models for code-switching and find translation pairs. However, there are systematic deficiencies in the multilingual representations of M-BERT that affect certain language pairs. While M-BERT provides useful sentence representations for many multilingual tasks, it still faces challenges in modeling semantics for tasks requiring linguistic transfer of semantics.