What is the cell of origin of B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia?4 answersB-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) originates from B-cell progenitor cells, specifically pro-B progenitor cells, which are the most common cell-of-origin for B-ALL. The chromatin accessibility and gene regulatory networks in B-ALL are driven by diverse transcription factors (TFs) and inherited genetic variants, which contribute to the transcriptional differences among B-ALL subtypes. In addition, the bone marrow microenvironment, including mesenchymal stromal cells, osteocytes, chondrocytes, fibroblasts, and adipocytes, provides a survival benefit to leukemic cells and affects the response to chemotherapy in B-ALL. The IGH gene rearrangement profiles in B-ALL suggest that ongoing recombination of incomplete DJH rearrangements and VH replacement play a role in the differentiation arrest of the leukemia-driving subpopulation. Overall, the cell of origin of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia is the pro-B progenitor cell, and the disease is influenced by chromatin accessibility, gene regulatory networks, and the bone marrow microenvironment.
Origin of eukaryotic cells?5 answersThe origin of eukaryotic cells is believed to have occurred through a process of endosymbiosis, where different types of bacteria formed a symbiotic relationship with each other. This hypothesis suggests that mitochondria and plastids, which are organelles found in eukaryotic cells, originated from symbiotic events with bacteria. Molecular sequence data supports this idea, indicating that the eukaryotic cell nucleus is a chimera, with contributions from both a Gram-negative eubacterium and an archaebacterium. The separation of the nucleus from the cytosol and the presence of heterogeneous genomes within the same cell provided the prerequisites for more efficient regulatory mechanisms of gene expression and genetic recombination, leading to the development of eukaryotes. The endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and plastids has been supported by morphological and molecular evidence, as well as studies on protein sequences. Overall, the origin of eukaryotic cells is thought to be a result of coevolution and symbiotic relationships between different types of bacteria.
Ist all the genetic abnormalities associated with Myeloma5 answersMultiple Myeloma (MM) is associated with various genetic abnormalities. These include primary IGH translocations such as t(4;14), t(14;16), t(14;20), and secondary progressive aberrations like gain/Amp(1q), 1p deletion, del(17p), and hypodiploidy. Extramedullary MM (EMD) is an aggressive form of MM that occurs when malignant plasma cells become independent of the bone marrow microenvironment. High-risk cytogenetic abnormalities and gene signatures are associated with EMD, along with mutations in RAS signaling pathways. Specific chromosomal abnormalities and other genetic alterations are involved in the development and progression of MM. Etiologic cytogenetic abnormalities, including hyperdiploidy and translocations of t(11;14), t(4;14), t(14;16), and t(14;20), are associated with MM. These abnormalities drive bone marrow microenvironmental changes, resulting in different degrees of immunoparesis and subgroup-dependent effects on clinical outcomes. Some of the major genetic abnormalities in MM include point mutations, which are potential targets for personalized medicine.
Where is cellulose mainly derived from?3 answersCellulose is mainly derived from various sources such as cotton linters, wood pulp, agricultural residues, and cellulose-rich biomass derived from plants like bamboo, weeds, fibers, and wastes from agriculture and forests. Historically, wood pulp has been the main source of cellulose, but there is an increasing demand for alternative sources due to environmental concerns and limited fossil supplies. Agricultural residues like groundnut shells can be used to extract cellulose and obtain microcrystalline cellulose, which has similar properties to commercial brands. Cellulose is an abundant and underutilized resource that can be used as a raw material for various industries, including pharmaceuticals, food, construction materials, and textiles.
Where are B cells created?7 answers
Where are hematopoietic stem cells made?6 answers