How fusarium harms dog's intestine?4 answersFusarium mycotoxins, such as fumonisins and trichothecenes, can harm a dog's intestine by inducing various adverse effects. These toxins target intestinal epithelial cells, leading to disturbances in cell viability, proliferation, and barrier function. Additionally, exposure to Fusarium mycotoxins can result in pathological lesions, including necrosis of the intestinal epithelium, altering cell morphology, differentiation, and immune responsiveness. Furthermore, subclinical gastrointestinal illness induced by these mycotoxins can influence social interactions in dogs, impacting their behavior and potentially serving as an early indicator of intestinal health issues. Overall, Fusarium mycotoxins pose a significant risk to a dog's intestine, affecting its structural integrity, immune function, and overall health.
How Campylobacter spp. harms dog's intestine?4 answersCampylobacter spp. can harm a dog's intestine by causing contagious enteritis, leading to clinical signs of gastroenteritis, especially in puppies and young dogs with weaker immune systems. Dogs infected with Campylobacter spp. can excrete the bacterium through feces, posing a risk of infection to other animals and humans. The bacteria can be transmitted through contaminated food, water, and environmental sources, with a higher incidence in dogs living in agglomerations like kennels. While most infections are subclinical, some dogs may develop mild to moderate enteritis, requiring accurate diagnosis through molecular methods and careful consideration before administering antimicrobial therapy due to resistance issues. Additionally, the case study highlighted the risk of Campylobacter infection in dogs fed unbalanced raw diets, emphasizing the importance of One Health strategies for zoonoses prevention.
What is Aspergillus?5 answersAspergillus is a genus of saprophytic fungus widely distributed in the environment and associated with soil, decaying vegetation, or seeds. It is a large genus containing about 250 species, which are currently classified into seven subgenera that are in turn sub-divided into several sections comprised of related species. Some species, such as A. fumigatus, are considered opportunistic pathogens in humans, causing clinical diseases known as invasive aspergillosis (IA) mainly related to the respiratory tract. Aspergillus can cause a wide range of infections in humans, affecting the respiratory system and potentially other organs, especially in immunocompromised patients. The clinically important species include A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. niger, A. terreus, and A. nidulans. Aspergillus species are filamentous, pervasive saprophytic fungi mainly found in soils and distributed widely across the world. They contaminate various grain and oil seed crops during pre- and post-harvest periods. Aspergillus is a diverse genus with social inequalities and exhibits immense ecological and metabolic differences.
What are the different diseases caused by Aspergillus species?5 answersAspergillus species can cause a wide range of diseases in humans. These include acute, chronic, noninvasive localized infections, fatal disseminated diseases, as well as allergic reactions. Some clinically relevant Aspergillus species include Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus, and Aspergillus niger. In patients with chronic lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cystic fibrosis (CF), Aspergillus fumigatus can cause chronic infection and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). ABPA is characterized by a TH2 immune response to Aspergillus antigens, resulting in high levels of IgE and eosinophil activation. Spondylodiscitis caused by Aspergillus species is a rare but life-threatening clinical entity. Overall, Aspergillus species can cause a variety of diseases in humans, ranging from localized infections to severe systemic infections and allergic reactions.
What are the health risks of eating moldy food?3 answersConsuming moldy food can pose various health risks. Mold-contaminated food can be a threat to human and animal health, as molds produce mycotoxins that are carcinogenic and can cause acute damage to organs. Mycotoxins such as aflatoxin, fumonisin, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin, and patulin are found in mycotoxin-contaminated cereal foods, nuts, milk, meat, and other food products, and they can be hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, mutagenic, teratogenic, or cytotoxic. In addition to mycotoxins, molds can also cause food spoilage and economic losses in the food industry. Furthermore, the presence of molds in food can lead to the production of allergenic spores, and the possible presence of toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxins can further increase the health risks. Overall, consuming moldy food can result in serious health implications such as diarrhea, reproductive disorders, cancer, growth impairment, and immunomodulation.
What complications of Aspergillosis will occur by Graft-versus-host disease?5 answersGraft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is associated with complications of invasive aspergillosis (IA). Intestinal GVHD is significantly associated with IA at 1, 2, and 3 years after nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). Chronic GVHD and CMV disease are risk factors for very late IA (> 6 months after transplantation). Skin rash and watery diarrhea are common symptoms of acute GVHD after liver transplantation, and skin and colonic biopsies can confirm the presence of acute GVHD. Pancytopenia is common in GVHD after liver transplantation, and liver dysfunction is rare. Overall, GVHD and the use of corticosteroids increase the risk of IA in immunosuppressed patients.