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How can levulinic acid be used in polymers and plasticizers?

Diphenolic acid

Carboxylic acid

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Levulinic acid (LA) can be utilized in polymers and plasticizers through various innovative processes. LA, a prominent biomass-derived chemical, can be transformed into specialty chemicals like plasticizers. By synthesizing novel bioplasticizers from LA, researchers have successfully enhanced the processability and properties of polymers like poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB). These bioplasticizers exhibit remarkable miscibility with PHB, reducing its brittleness and expanding its processing temperature range. Additionally, LA derivatives, such as alkyl levulinates, can be used as plasticizers in polymers like poly(vinyl chloride) and poly(lactic acid), showing significant plasticization effects on both amorphous and semicrystalline polymers. The versatility of LA in producing bio-based plasticizers presents a promising avenue for environmentally friendly and sustainable polymer applications.

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Book Chapter•DOI Levulinic acid: a potent green chemical in sustainable agriculture 01 Jan 2022	Levulinic acid can be utilized in the production of specialized biopolymers and plasticizers, offering sustainable alternatives in the polymer industry due to its versatile properties.
Book Chapter•DOI Levulinic acid—a potential keto acid for producing biofuels and chemicals T.J. Malu, K. Manikandan, K.K. Cheralathan - Show less +2 more 01 Jan 2020 4 Citations	Levulinic acid can be utilized to produce succinic acid and diphenolic acid, which are essential for polymers and plasticizers due to their applications as monomers and plasticizers.
Journal Article•DOI Recent Advances in the Value Addition of Biomass-Derived Levulinic Acid: A Review Focusing on its Chemical Reactivity Patterns Saikat Dutta, Navya Subray Bhat - Show less +1 more 21 Jul 2021-Chemcatchem 36 Citations	Levulinic acid can be transformed into monomers for polymers and plasticizers, offering a route to specialty chemicals with diverse applications in these fields.
Open access•DOI Levulinic acid-based bioplasticizers: a facile approach to enhance the thermal and mechanical properties of polyhydroxyalkanoates Alessandro Sinisi, Micaela Degli Esposti, Simona Braccini, Federica Chiellini, Susana Guzman-Puyol, José A. Heredia-Guerrero, Davide Morselli, Paola Fabbri - Show less +7 more 04 Nov 2021 10 Citations	Levulinic acid can be utilized to synthesize bioplasticizers, enhancing thermal and mechanical properties of polymers like polyhydroxyalkanoates by reducing glass transition and melting temperatures, improving flexibility without compromising biodegradability.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI Further Step in the Transition from Conventional Plasticizers to Versatile Bioplasticizers Obtained by the Valorization of Levulinic Acid and Glycerol Micaela Degli Esposti, Simona Braccini, Chiara Siracusa, Felice Quartinello, Georg M. Guebitz, Dario Puppi, Davide Morselli, Paola Fabbri - Show less +7 more 13 Jun 2023-ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering	Levulinic acid can be utilized in the synthesis of bio-based plasticizers like glycerol trilevulinate, offering a versatile and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional plasticizers in polymers.

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How can levulinic acid be used as replacement of bisphenol A?4 answersLevulinic acid (LA) can serve as a replacement for Bisphenol A (BPA) in various applications. LA is a versatile "platform chemical" derived from renewable biofeedstocks, offering a cost-effective alternative to BPA. LA can be utilized to synthesize valuable compounds like diphenolic acid, which has the potential to replace BPA as a plasticizer. Additionally, LA derivatives such as ethyl levulinate (EL) and gamma-valerolactone (GVL) can be produced from LA, providing environmentally friendly options for various industrial processes. These derivatives offer safer alternatives to BPA in the production of materials like epoxy compositions and polycarbonates. LA's ability to generate a range of useful chemicals and fuels underscores its significance as a sustainable substitute for BPA in diverse applications.

What is the chemical structure and properties of polyethylene furoate compared to polietilena tereftalat?5 answersPoly(ethylene furanoate) (PEF) is a bio-based polyester synthesized from 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid (FDCA) or its derivative dimethyl 2,5-furan dicarboxylate (DMFD). PEF exhibits α and β crystalline phases with specific structures determined by X-ray powder diffraction. The synthesis of PEF involves catalysts like titanium isopropoxide, tetrabutyltitanate, and dibutyltin oxide, affecting its properties such as molecular weight and crystallinity. In contrast, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) has different properties; PEF has lower intrinsic viscosity, resulting in higher hydroxyl end groups and increased transesterification rates compared to PET. PEF's structure and properties make it a promising material for applications like food packaging, with enhanced rigidity, reduced hydrophilicity, and oxygen permeability compared to PET.

What are the optimal conditions for the esterification of levulinic acid into butyl levulinate?5 answersThe optimal conditions for the esterification of levulinic acid into butyl levulinate vary depending on the catalyst and reaction conditions used. In one study, a Preyssler-type heteropolyacid supported on silica was used as the catalyst, and the optimal conditions were found to be 40 mg of catalyst, a 5:1 n-butanol/LA molar ratio, a temperature of 160 °C, and a reaction time of 3 hours, resulting in 77% conversion with 100% selectivity. Another study used titanium oxide nanoparticles as the catalyst and found that the optimal conditions were a reaction time of 8 hours, a reaction temperature of 120 °C, and a catalyst dosage of 8.6 wt.%, resulting in a yield of 77.6%. Additionally, sulfuric acid-modified zeolite Y catalyst was used, and the optimum conditions were found to be a catalyst concentration of 2-12 wt.%, a levulinic acid to ethanol mole ratio of 1:1 to 1:13, and a reaction temperature of 40 °C-100 °C, resulting in a maximum yield of 96%.

Is polylactic acid an amorphous or crystalline polymer?4 answersPolylactic acid (PLA) is a semicrystalline polymer that exhibits both amorphous and crystalline phases. The crystalline structure of PLA is directly related to its piezoelectric activity, with the β-crystalline phase being the piezoelectric one. PLA can crystallize in three different forms: α-, β-, and γ-form, with the β-form being the desired one for piezoelectric activity. The crystallinity and crystal modifications of PLA can be influenced by various factors such as preparation conditions and components. In addition to the crystalline regions, PLA also contains different amorphous fractions, including a bulk-like totally mobile amorphous fraction, a slightly constrained mobile amorphous fraction, and a rigid amorphous fraction located at the crystal-amorphous interface. The presence of these amorphous fractions affects the physical properties and behavior of PLLA, including its melting behavior.

Why is polylactic acid so widely used as a material for bioabsorbable stents?5 answersPolylactic acid (PLA) is widely used as a material for bioabsorbable stents due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and tailorable properties. PLA is a degradable and environmentally friendly polymer that has good physical properties and is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a biomedical material. It can be easily metabolized by the body without eliciting critical responses. PLA-based polymers have well-established processing technologies, making them suitable for various biomedical applications, including stent coating. PLA stents have been developed for different organs, such as the gastrointestinal tract, and have shown promise in overcoming technical limitations. The use of PLA in nanomedicine has also emerged as a promising application, particularly in the synthesis of nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery. Overall, the combination of PLA's biocompatibility, biodegradability, and processing capabilities makes it a widely used material for bioabsorbable stents.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using different coversion methods from HMF to Levulinic Acid?3 answersDifferent conversion methods from HMF to Levulinic Acid have their own advantages and disadvantages. One method involves using a dual-functional catalyst, HScCl4, which combines Bronsted acid (HCl) and Lewis acid (ScCl3) sites. This catalyst shows high efficiency and selectivity for converting HMF to LA, with a high LA yield and minimal side reactions. Another method uses acidic ZSM-5 zeolite as a heterogeneous catalyst, which helps increase the yield of 5-HMF and mitigates the formation of insoluble humins. Biphasic solvent conditions, such as mixtures of MIBK/H2O or THF/H2O/NaCl, are used to create the biphasic reactor conditions, leading to improved yields of 5-HMF and LA. Rhenium oxide catalysts supported on ZrO2 and SiO2 have also been studied, showing high activity and selectivity to γ-valerolactone. The activity trend is attributed to the interaction between ReOx and the support material. Fe/HY zeolite catalyst has been investigated, with the highest LA yield obtained at 180 °C. A kinetic model has been developed to explain the glucose conversion to 5-HMF and the conversion of 5-HMF to LA. Modified zeolite Y treated with NaOH has been used for the conversion of hemicellulosic sugars to levulinic acid, resulting in increased porosity and stronger acid sites. The conversion of C5 sugars to levulinic acid was maximized under specific reaction conditions.

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