What are the molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction between the innate immune system and insulin resistance?5 answersThe interaction between the innate immune system and insulin resistance involves intricate molecular mechanisms. In obesity, excess visceral adipose tissue triggers chronic low-grade inflammation, disrupting insulin signaling via insulin receptors and leading to the release of inflammatory cytokines. Toll-like receptors activated by different lipids in insulin-dependent tissues initiate inflammatory cascades, promoting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNFα and IL-6, which contribute to insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell failure. Additionally, pattern recognition receptors like the inflammasome detect danger signals and activate inflammatory responses, exacerbating conditions like diabetes and atherosclerosis. The interplay between innate immune cells, such as macrophages and lymphoid cells, in metabolic organs further influences inflammation, lipid metabolism, and metabolic signaling in the context of obesity and insulin resistance.
What are the cytokines that are involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis?5 answersThe pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) involves a complex network of cytokines. The cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 are central to the pathogenesis of RA. Other cytokines such as IL-7, IL-17, IL-21, IL-23, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-1β, IL-18, IL-33, and IL-2 also play a role in RA. Pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1 and IL-6 are involved in the induction of inflammation in RA. Additionally, IL-39 levels are significantly higher in RA patients compared to healthy controls. The study also suggests that an imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines is a key factor in the pathogenesis of RA. Overall, a variety of cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-7, IL-17, IL-21, IL-23, GM-CSF, IL-1β, IL-18, IL-33, IL-2, and IL-39, are involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.
What are the roles of innate lymphoid cells in the nervous system?5 answersInnate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have been increasingly recognized within the central nervous system (CNS) and associated diseases. ILCs are generally regarded as tissue resident and early responders, but their presence in the CNS at steady-state is limited. ILCs are deeply integrated into the fabric of tissues and contribute to multiple immune pathways, including sustaining appropriate immune responses, regulating tissue inflammation, and interacting with the nervous system. There is considerable heterogeneity in the mature family of ILCs, and they have been implicated in inflammatory disorders. In the CNS, ILCs, particularly natural killer cells, play a significant role in responses to infective, sterile, or tumoral cellular stress scenarios. The roles of ILCs in the nervous system are still being explored, but their involvement in major neurological diseases like ischemic stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and Multiple Sclerosis has been observed.
What are the implications of innate lymphoid cell interactions with the nervous system for human health and disease?5 answersInnate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have a complex role in directly influencing the adaptive immune response in the context of development, homeostasis, infection, or inflammation. These interactions are a crucial determinant of immune responses within tissues and have implications for human health and disease. The immune and nervous systems are tightly integrated, with each system capable of influencing the other. The central and peripheral components of the nervous system exhibit extensive integration and interaction with the immune system, especially critical to health and diseases of the central nervous system. Inflammatory cytokines have been found to have a cause and effect relationship with symptoms relevant to psychiatric illnesses, highlighting the potential of neurotherapeutics that target the immune system to treat neuropsychiatric disorders. The autonomic nervous system has a direct line of communication with immune cells, suggesting a functional interplay between the two systems. This neuroimmune communication has implications for autonomic-dysregulated and inflammation-mediated diseases, including cardiovascular diseases.
What are the mechanisms by which innate lymphoid cells interact with the nervous system?4 answersInnate lymphoid cells (ILCs) interact with the nervous system through intricate and bidirectional communication. ILCs are found to co-localize with neurons, nerves, glial cell projectors, and neuroendocrine cells in the mucosal barrier sites and the central nervous system (CNS). In the mucosal barrier sites, the cross talk between ILCs and the peripheral nervous system orchestrates mucosal homeostasis and immunity. In the CNS, ILCs are present at steady-state and play important roles in neurological inflammation and diseases such as ischemic stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and Multiple Sclerosis. The activities of CNS-associated ILCs impact the outcome of various CNS disorders. The interaction between ILCs and the nervous system extends beyond classical immunology to metabolic homeostasis, tissue remodeling, and dialog with the nervous system. Overall, ILCs interact with the nervous system through their presence in specific anatomical locations and their involvement in immune regulation and tissue homeostasis.
Are Double negative T cell innate-like T cells?5 answersDouble negative T cells are a subset of T cells that lack the alpha/beta heterodimers of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR alpha/beta) but express the gamma chain of the TCR (TCR gamma). They are present in adult peripheral blood and their frequency increases with age, suggesting an ontogenically unique role in T cell development. However, the abstracts provided do not directly address whether double negative T cells are considered innate-like T cells.