Costs asosciated with CRC IV versus oral?4 answersCosts associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment show significant variations between intravenous (IV) and oral therapies. Studies comparing IV 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) with oral capecitabine in metastatic CRC patients revealed that capecitabine had lower monthly direct costs per patient compared to 5-FU. Similarly, in a study on small cell lung cancer, oral etoposide treatment regimens were found to be 17% more cost-effective than IV regimens. Additionally, for mRCC patients, those receiving bevacizumab incurred higher costs compared to sunitinib or sorafenib, mainly due to elevated drug and IV administration expenses. These findings underscore the cost advantages associated with oral therapies in CRC and other cancer treatments, highlighting the potential for cost savings and improved cost-effectiveness with oral medications.
What is the standard of care of atopic dermatitis?4 answersThe standard of care for atopic dermatitis (AD) includes the use of topical therapies such as corticosteroids, emollients, and calcineurin inhibitors. Non-pharmacologic interventions like moisturizers and wet wrap therapy are also recommended. In severe cases, systemic interventions like biologic drugs may be considered. Treatment should be individualized based on disease severity and patient characteristics. Patient education and self-management strategies are important for optimizing outcomes. The management of AD aims to alleviate symptoms like pruritus and improve the quality of life of patients. The use of antimicrobials, antiseptics, and antihistamines is not recommended. The effectiveness of standard therapy for AD has been shown to positively impact the skin microbial community. Overall, the management of AD involves a multidisciplinary approach and close collaboration between healthcare providers and patients.
What is the standard of care for patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer?5 answersRadical cystectomy with perioperative chemotherapy is considered the standard of care for patients with localized muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). However, for patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), the current guidelines from various associations still rely on expert opinion due to a lack of data. The care for NMIBC has not significantly improved over the years, with high recurrence rates and stagnant surgical techniques. Bladder-sparing strategies (BSS) have been investigated as alternatives for MIBC patients who are unfit for radical cystectomy or wish to preserve their bladder. Trimodal therapy or chemoradiation protocols have shown long-term efficacy, but the lack of randomized controlled trials limits the adoption of these approaches. The introduction of immunotherapy and the implementation of new predictive biomarkers and imaging tools may improve the efficacy of BSS in the future. Further evidence is needed to clearly define the role of BSS in MIBC.
What is a standard first-line option for oligometastatic disease?5 answersThe standard first-line option for oligometastatic disease is radical local therapy, which includes ablative therapies such as surgery, radiofrequency ablation, and hypofractionated image-guided radiotherapy (HIGRT). Multiple studies have shown that the addition of radical local therapy to systemic treatment improves overall survival in patients with oligometastatic disease. In patients with synchronous metastases and a stable primary tumor, radical local treatment prolongs median overall survival by approximately two years. However, it is important to note that the role of local treatment in oligometastatic small-cell lung cancer is still unclear. The use of radical local therapy should be considered on an individual basis by an interdisciplinary tumor board for suitable patients.
What is cost effectiveness of pediatric cancer care treatment?3 answersChildhood cancer treatment has been found to be cost-effective in LMICs, including Ethiopia, based on the evidence provided in the abstracts. The cost per DALY averted was estimated to be significantly less than Ethiopia's GDP per capita, indicating cost-effectiveness. A novel quantitative cost-effectiveness index for cancer treatment has been developed, which may help evaluate the value of different approaches and improve the balance between cost and effectiveness. Economic evaluations, such as cost and cost-effectiveness analysis, have been conducted in the field of childhood cancer therapy to identify areas for improving resource efficiency. The burden of childhood cancer can be effectively diminished through cost-effective interventions, leading to massive health and economic benefits and the prevention of millions of needless deaths.
How the standard cost system enables cost control and cost reduction?5 answersThe standard cost system enables cost control and cost reduction by providing a systematic and scientific approach to cost management. It combines cost planning, control, calculation, and analysis, allowing multinational companies to effectively manage costs in overseas branches. The system also includes intelligent cost control tools that monitor cost points in real time, identify cost waste, and track production operation to reduce losses. By introducing the concepts of active cost and reactive cost, the system enables online cost monitoring and timely tracking of cost waste, leading to improved production operation, scheduling, and management. Additionally, the standard cost system allows for the calculation of standard costs based on components and requirements, facilitating cost analysis and evaluation in individual order production. Using benchmark data, the system can quantify potential gains from operational improvements or better capacity management, providing valuable planning information for cost control efforts.