What are the key parameters and variables that influence chiller performance?4 answersThe key parameters and variables that significantly influence chiller performance include the total chiller design, cooling capacity distribution among chillers, part load ratio (PLR), operating statuses of system components, chilled water supply temperature, chilled water return temperature, condenser water return temperature, chiller water flow, and power utilization. These variables play crucial roles in determining energy consumption, life cycle cost, coefficient of performance (COP), and overall system efficiency. Proper selection and optimization of these parameters can lead to improved chiller performance, energy savings, and enhanced system COP. Additionally, minimizing unnecessary transitional and unconventional operating statuses has been shown to increase the average system COP by 2.72%.
How the temperature affects the plant growth?5 answersTemperature has a significant impact on plant growth. High-temperature stress can lead to impaired membrane systems, denaturation of proteins, and enzyme inactivation, resulting in reduced plant productivity. Different plant species have varying responses to high-temperature stress, with duration and degree of stress playing a role. Corn, a major agronomic crop, experiences variations in above and below-ground growth and biomass partitioning under different temperature conditions. Excessively high temperatures can severely decrease cell division in the root meristem, compromising root growth, while increasing the division of quiescent center cells. Plants have mechanisms to cope with high-temperature stress, including enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems, ion transporter activation, and heat shock proteins. The chloroplast, which plays a crucial role in plant energetic metabolism, undergoes molecular and ultrastructural modifications to optimize photosynthetic efficiency under different temperatures. Overall, temperature affects plant growth and development at various stages, and understanding plant responses to high-temperature stress is crucial for improving crop yield and implementing effective management strategies.
How does temperature affect the growth of plants?4 answersTemperature has a significant impact on plant growth and development. Plants perceive temperature through various mechanisms, including temperature sensors and thermosensation mechanisms. Fluctuating ambient temperatures can lead to transcriptional responses in plants, mediated by Ca2+ and/or reactive oxygen species signaling. Temperature also affects the photosynthetic apparatus, with plants grown at temperatures above the optimum showing lower photosynthetic efficiency. High temperatures during the reproductive phase can result in reduced pollen viability, duration of grain filling, and starch synthesis in the endosperm. Additionally, temperature influences the formation of vascular tissues, such as xylem and phloem, which are critical for transpiration and nutrient uptake. Overall, temperature plays a crucial role in various aspects of plant growth and development, and understanding its effects is important for crop productivity and adaptation to climate change.
How to improve the performance of chiller system?5 answersTo improve the performance of a chiller system, several approaches can be taken. One method is to analyze the different parameters such as refrigeration effect, COP, and compressor work by comparing the practical vapor compression cycle with the ideal Carnot cycle, considering the different types of practical losses that occur in the system. Another approach is to optimize the operation of the chillers based on external and internal factors. External factors can be controlled by using a cooling load prediction model to accurately match the building cooling demand with high energy efficiency. Internal factors can be improved by comparing and summarizing the operation characteristics of constant-speed and variable-speed centrifugal chillers and proposing a new control strategy based on the cooling load prediction model and energy performance model of the chillers. Additionally, using different fin heights for each module in an adsorption chiller system can enhance the overall system performance, leading to increased coefficient of performance (COP) and specific cooling power (SCP). Association rule mining (ARM) can also be applied to uncover specific associations between operating components of a chiller system and improve its COP, leading to reduced electricity use. Finally, selecting essential operating variables, such as the part load ratio (PLR), and implementing proper chiller sequencing and paired component combinations can improve the predictability and performance of a chiller system.
How does temperature affects plant growth?5 answersTemperature has a significant impact on plant growth. Different cultivars of Gerbera hybrida showed diverse temperature adaptation ranges, with the best temperature adaptability observed in cultivar Autumn. Soil temperature influences soil properties, processes involved in plant growth, gas exchange between the atmosphere and soil, and the availability of nutrients. Adverse temperatures, such as heat stress, can damage macromolecules, alter gene expression, affect membrane fluidity, and impact vegetative and reproductive tissues in plants. Temperature extremes during the pollination stage can greatly affect plant productivity, with warmer temperatures reducing grain yield in maize by as much as 80-90%. Temperature affects crop yield from seed formation to final harvest. Overall, temperature plays a crucial role in shaping plant growth and development, influencing various physiological and biochemical processes.
How does climate change affect plant growth?3 answersClimate change has significant impacts on plant growth. Changes in temperature, atmospheric gases, and carbon dioxide levels can harm microbes, plants, animals, and humans. Studies have shown that global temperature increase and climate variability can lead to intensified droughts, affecting plant growth and climate-vegetation feedbacks. Additionally, climate change can alter the physiological state of plants, affecting their overall growth. Plants have mechanisms to survive stress conditions, such as synthesizing and accumulating compatible solutes, which help them counter unfavorable conditions. Resurrected seed studies have shown that changes in climate metrics, including temperature variability, heatwave duration, and climate variability, are correlated with changes in plant regeneration and growth traits. These rapid responses in plant traits to climate change may not be sufficient for plants to keep pace with future climate change.