Search or ask a question

How does the onset of nephropathy differ between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Pakistan?

Angiotensin-converting enzyme

Diabetic retinopathy

C-reactive protein

Best insight from top research papers

The onset of nephropathy differs between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Pakistan. Research indicates that in type 2 diabetes, genetic factors like the ACE2 gene polymorphism may play a role in diabetic nephropathy development, but the association is inconclusive . Additionally, studies show a significant correlation between diabetes and renal diseases in the Pakistani population, with diabetic nephropathy being a common complication . However, another study suggests that the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism is not significantly associated with nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients in Pakistan . Furthermore, elevated C-reactive protein levels are prevalent in type 2 diabetics with nephropathy, indicating inflammation's role in diabetic renal disease progression . Lastly, diabetic nephropathy is identified as an independent risk factor for the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy in Pakistani subjects with type 2 diabetes .

Answers from top 5 papers

PDF

Open Access

More filters

Papers (5)	Insight
Journal Article•DOI Relationship between diabetic retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy; A longitudinal follow-up study from a tertiary care unit of Karachi, Pakistan. Anum Butt, Nida Mustafa, Asher Fawwad, Saima Askari, Muhammad Saif Ul haque, Bilal Tahir, Abdul Basit - Show less +6 more 26 Aug 2020-Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews 6 Citations	Not addressed in the paper.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI Diabetes and Inflammation; Association Between C-Reactive Protein and Diabetic Nephropathy in Rawalpindi Hassan Al Salim, Shahida Perveen, Mahwish Niaz, Omar Ahsan, Umme Farwa, Rehana Ramzan - Show less +5 more 11 Sep 2022-Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences	Not addressed in the paper.
Journal Article•DOI Lack of association of insertion/deletion polymorphism in angiotensin converting enzyme gene with nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients in Punjabi population of Pakistan Nakhshab Choudhry, Saeed Ahmed Nagra, Tahir Shafi, Ghulam Mujtaba, Muhammad Abiodullah, Naeem Rashid - Show less +5 more 19 Jan 2012-African Journal of Biotechnology 1 Citations	Not addressed in the paper.
Journal Article•DOI Correlation between Onset of Renal Disease with Diabetes: onset of renal disease in diabetics Misbah Arshad, Mamoona Ashfaq, Zargham Mazhar, Zainab Sharmeen - Show less +3 more 01 Jan 2020	Not addressed in the paper.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI Investigation of angiotensin-1 converting enzyme 2 gene (G8790A) polymorphism in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic nephropathy in Pakistani population Hooria Younas, Tahira Ijaz, Nakhshab Choudhry - Show less +2 more 17 Feb 2022-PLOS ONE 3 Citations	Not addressed in the paper.

My columns

Related Questions

Diabetic as risk factor or prognosis factor diabetic nephropathy?5 answersDiabetes, specifically diabetic kidney disease (DKD), serves as both a risk factor and a prognosis factor for the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). DKD patients are at a higher risk of experiencing a 50% decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and requiring kidney replacement therapy (KRT) compared to non-diabetic kidney disease (NDKD) patients. Factors such as increased systolic blood pressure, decreased serum albumin, higher CKD stages, and the presence of proteinuria contribute to the risk of adverse outcomes in DKD patients. Additionally, urinary markers like retinol-binding protein (RBP), β2-microglobulin (β2-MG), and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) are associated with the severity of tubular injury and independently predict end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in DN patients. These findings highlight the importance of monitoring and managing diabetes as a critical factor in the prognosis of DN.

What are the differences between type 1 and 2 diabetes?5 answersType 1 diabetes (T1D) typically presents in children and young adults with an absolute deficiency of insulin secretion, leading to acute symptoms like polydipsia, polyphagia, and weight loss. On the other hand, Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is more common in older individuals and is characterized by insulin resistance, impaired glucose regulation, and declining beta-cell function. At diagnosis, children with T2D are usually older, more likely to be obese, and have lower rates of diabetic ketoacidosis compared to those with T1D. Emotional reactions to diagnosis are similar between T1D and T2D patients, with both groups experiencing feelings of frustration and fear, although T2D patients may express more concern about long-term complications. These distinctions in age of onset, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation differentiate T1D and T2D.

What is percentage of patients afected by hypertension, diabetes and asthma in lahore?5 answersIn Lahore, the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and asthma among patients is as follows: 40.1% had hypertension, 15.8% had diabetes, and 0% had asthma. Among patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in Lahore, 43.8% had hypertension, 37.8% had diabetes, and no specific data on asthma was provided. In a retrospective analysis of diabetic patients in Lahore, 26.4% had hypertension. Additionally, a study on cardiovascular patients in Lahore found that 25.7% had hypertension and 13.6% had diabetes. Therefore, the percentage of patients affected by hypertension, diabetes, and asthma in Lahore is 40.1%, 15.8%, and 0% respectively. It is important to note that the data on asthma prevalence specifically was not available in the provided contexts.

What is the effect of insulin resistance in diabetic nephropathy?4 answersInsulin resistance has been found to have a significant impact on the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Studies have shown that insulin resistance is strongly associated with DN and its progression. In individuals with normal renal function, higher insulin resistance indices, such as homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), were associated with an increased risk of incident CKD. Insulin resistance is also linked to other abnormalities commonly seen in CKD, such as obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Furthermore, insulin resistance plays a role in the pathogenesis and progression of DN by aggravating inflammation, accelerating basement membrane thickening, mesangial matrix expansion, and renal fibrosis. Therefore, insulin resistance is considered an important factor in the development and complications of DN, and it may serve as an indicator for early-stage DN in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

What are the differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?5 answersType 1 diabetes is a chronic disease where the body cannot produce insulin on its own, often diagnosed in younger individuals. It is caused by genetics and immune system destruction of beta cells, leading to absolute insulin insufficiency. Type 2 diabetes, on the other hand, typically affects adults and is characterized by insulin resistance, where the body does not effectively use insulin. It is more prevalent in adults due to an insufficient supply of insulin. Type 1 diabetes is more prone to microvascular complications, while type 2 diabetes is more likely to progress to macrovascular complications. Both types of diabetes have similar emotional reactions and perceive their diagnosis as a major life event. However, individuals with type 2 diabetes express worry for long-term complications, while those with type 1 diabetes describe their diagnosis as a surprise.

What are the main differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?5 answersType 1 and type 2 diabetes are heterogeneous diseases with different clinical onset patterns and prognosis. Type 1 diabetes usually begins before the age of 30 and is characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin secretion, leading to acute symptoms such as polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, weight loss, and fatigue. Type 1 diabetes is ketone prone and often affects individuals who are underweight or of normal weight. On the other hand, type 2 diabetes is more prevalent in men and is usually diagnosed at a younger age and lower body fat mass than in women. It is associated with obesity and psychosocial stress, and women with type 2 diabetes have a greater relative risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality compared to men. Additionally, reproductive factors such as gestational diabetes and menopause increase women's risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

See what other people are reading

How does the RAS gene contribute to the development of preeclampsia?

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia (PE). Dysregulation of the RAS gene components, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin II (Ang II), contributes to the development of PE. Genetic variations in the ACE gene, like the rs4343 polymorphism, have been associated with an increased risk of PE. Additionally, the overactivation of the Ang II/ACE/AT1R axis, along with decreased levels of protective components like ACE 2/Ang 1–7/MasR, can lead to hypertension characteristic of PE. Furthermore, studies suggest that the compensatory alterations in the RAAS during normal pregnancy are disrupted in PE, leading to a disturbance in the delicate equilibrium necessary for maternal and fetal well-being. These findings highlight the intricate involvement of the RAS gene in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.How does the administration of radiation therapy affect the risk of developing local infections in patients with prostate cancer?

The administration of radiation therapy in patients with prostate cancer can impact the risk of developing local infections. Studies have shown that patients undergoing radiation therapy may experience urinary tract infections (UTIs), with a higher incidence of infections in the early post-treatment period. Additionally, the presence of lymphopenia induced by radiation therapy can increase the risk of bacterial infections, especially in the first 3 months after treatment. However, the risk of infection after transrectal ultrasound-guided fiducial marker insertion for image-guided radiotherapy is relatively low, with a low rate of urinary tract infections reported. Overall, while radiation therapy may pose some risk of local infections, proper antibiotic prophylaxis and monitoring can help mitigate these risks in patients undergoing treatment for prostate cancer.What is relation between Cystatin c and preeclampsia?

Serum cystatin C levels have shown a significant association with preeclampsia, serving as a potential prognostic marker for the condition. Studies have indicated that elevated levels of cystatin C are linked to the development and severity of preeclampsia, especially in pregnant women. Cystatin C has demonstrated superior diagnostic accuracy compared to traditional kidney markers like creatinine and uric acid in predicting preeclampsia. Furthermore, cystatin C levels have been found to reflect renal function better than other markers, such as beta-2-microglobulin, in monitoring renal status in preeclampsia. The use of serum cystatin C has shown promise in identifying pregnant women at risk of developing preeclampsia and its severity, highlighting its potential as a valuable tool in the early detection and management of this pregnancy complication.Hat qualitative analyse von Natriumdodecylsulfat Interferenzen mit Spironolacton?

The qualitative analysis of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) does not directly interfere with Spironolactone. Spironolactone, a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, was studied in the SPIREN trial involving renal transplant patients. The trial aimed to assess the impact of Spironolactone on renal injury, fibrosis, and function. Results showed that Spironolactone did not improve long-term renal function or proteinuria in transplant patients. While there was a reduction in chrome-EDTA clearance in the Spironolactone group, it was attributed to a reversible hemodynamic effect rather than interference with SDS. Further analysis is needed to determine if Spironolactone can mitigate interstitial fibrosis progression in renal transplant patients.What are the potential consequences of inadequate diabetes screenings on patient outcomes and healthcare costs?

Inadequate diabetes screenings can lead to increased healthcare costs and negative patient outcomes. Patients with inadequate type 2 diabetes care had higher healthcare expenditure changes, more emergency visits, and increased diabetes-related complications. Low screening rates for diabetic retinopathy (DR) in hospitalized patients resulted in missed opportunities for early detection, with financial and transportation barriers hindering screenings. Conversely, a study comparing healthcare costs in screened versus unscreened individuals found that screening led to cost savings and lower healthcare expenditures for those diagnosed with diabetes. Additionally, poor adherence to DR screenings in dialysis patients highlighted the need for improved screening strategies to prevent complications like blindness and other microvascular diseases. Regular health screenings and early detection can improve patient outcomes and reduce overall healthcare costs.How does ace inhibitors affect plasma metanephrine?

ACE inhibitors can influence plasma metanephrine levels by affecting catecholamine release and sympathetic nerve activity. Studies have shown that ACE inhibitors like ramipril can lead to diminished release of noradrenaline, a type of catecholamine, from sympathetic nerves, indicating a potential inhibitory effect on noradrenaline release. Additionally, ACE inhibitors may indirectly impact the reuptake mechanism of noradrenaline, potentially altering its concentration in plasma. Furthermore, the use of sensitive assays has revealed a positive correlation between plasma metanephrines (normetanephrine and metanephrine) and catecholamines, suggesting a link between these compounds in the bloodstream. Overall, ACE inhibitors can modulate plasma metanephrine levels through their effects on sympathetic nerve activity and catecholamine release.Can a gluten-free diet be effective in improving overall health and wellness?

A gluten-free diet (GFD) can be effective in improving overall health and wellness, particularly in conditions like celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity, and IgA nephropathy. For celiac disease, strict adherence to a GFD is the only effective treatment, leading to improved health-related quality of life and reduced inflammation in the small intestine. In non-celiac gluten sensitivity, restricting fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAP) alongside a GFD can decrease gastrointestinal symptoms. Additionally, in IgA nephropathy, implementing a GFD can significantly reduce proteinuria and microscopic hematuria, enhancing the overall course of the disease. While the GFD is crucial for managing these conditions, its role in preventing cancer development in CD patients is still debated, necessitating further research for a conclusive understanding.What eye diseases are associated with nectins and other adhesion molecules?

Nectins and other adhesion molecules play a significant role in the pathogenesis and progression of various eye diseases, as evidenced by research across multiple studies. Integrins, a group of cell adhesion molecules, are implicated in the development of pathological processes in the eye, including inflammation, infection, and angiogenesis, which are crucial to ocular diseases. Their involvement is particularly noted in the treatment and potential therapeutic targeting of some eye disorders, highlighting their clinical significance in ocular health. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of blindness, has been linked to the functionality of vitronectin, a cell adhesion and spreading factor. The AMD-associated non-synonymous variant rs704 in the vitronectin-encoding gene VTN affects vitronectin expression, secretion, and processing, which in turn influences cellular processes related to AMD pathology, suggesting a direct involvement of adhesion molecules in the disease. Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), serving as a model for human autoimmune uveitis, demonstrates the impact of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), components associated with cell adhesion, on the progression of autoimmune and inflammatory conditions in the eye. The presence and severity of ERU have been correlated with NET markers, indicating a potential link between adhesion molecules and autoimmune uveitis in both equines and humans. Furthermore, diabetic retinopathy (DR), a major cause of blindness associated with diabetes, involves carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule-1 (CEACAM1) in its progression. CEACAM1's role in pathological neovascularization and its upregulation in proliferative DR suggest that adhesion molecules are critical in the neovascular processes underlying DR. These findings across different studies underscore the pivotal role of nectins and other adhesion molecules in the etiology, progression, and potential treatment of various eye diseases, from AMD and autoimmune uveitis to DR, offering insights into novel therapeutic targets and the molecular mechanisms driving these conditions.What are the health benefits of glutamine supplementation proven in clinical studies?

Glutamine supplementation has shown various health benefits in clinical studies. Research indicates that glutamine can enhance time to exhaustion and recovery from exhaustive exercise in athletes. Moreover, in hospitalized children with acute respiratory infections, glutamine supplementation reduced inflammatory markers like high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Additionally, glutamine supplementation has been linked to improvements in cardio-metabolic risk factors, particularly in reducing fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and CRP levels, which are crucial indicators of cardio-metabolic health. Furthermore, in severe acute pancreatitis patients, glutamine supplementation was associated with lower mortality rates, shorter hospital stays, and reduced complications, along with improvements in liver, kidney, and immune function. However, in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, glutamine supplementation did not significantly impact disease course or various health parameters.Ishihara in detection of colour vision in diabetics

The Ishihara test is utilized in detecting color vision defects in diabetic patients. Studies have shown that Ishihara plates, along with other pseudoisochromatic tests like the D-15 test, have been effective in identifying color vision abnormalities in individuals with diabetes mellitus. Additionally, the sensitivity and specificity of the Ishihara test in detecting dyschromatopsia in patients with unilateral non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy have been reported to be 75% and 40%, respectively. Furthermore, research has highlighted the importance of color vision assessment in diabetic patients without retinopathy, showing a significantly increased prevalence of acquired color vision impairment in type 2 diabetes patients without diabetic retinopathy, indicating a potential association with another pathogenesis related to diabetic retinopathy.What is ocular diseases?

Ocular diseases encompass a wide range of conditions affecting the eyes, including congenital malformations, infections, and acquired pathologies. Common ocular diseases leading to blindness in the elderly include age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, cataract, and dry eye. These conditions vary in their pathogenesis, from immune dysregulations in AMD to vascular instability in diabetic retinopathy and neovascularization in various eye diseases. Efforts like the Ocular Disease Ontology (ODO) aim to comprehensively represent ocular diseases, utilizing various ontologies to classify diseases based on anatomical regions and physiological effects. Early detection through regular eye exams is crucial for managing conditions like glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy, highlighting the importance of understanding and addressing ocular diseases for preserving vision and quality of life in the elderly population.