What does central macular thickness was 315 mean i diabetic macular edema?5 answersCentral macular thickness of 315 µm in diabetic macular edema signifies a 77% increase compared to normal values and a 26% decrease compared to clinically significant macular edema without retinal cysts. Additionally, male patients with clinically significant macular edema tend to have even greater central macular thickness compared to women, with a 67 µm difference observed between the sexes. Furthermore, in patients with mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, an increase in central macular thickness was noted, indicating subclinical macular edema in 6.09% of cases. The central macular thickness in diabetic patients can be influenced by various factors, such as metabolic parameters like atherogenic index, cholesterol levels, and uric acid, as well as adiponectin levels. Extreme fluctuations in retinal thickness in diabetic macular edema cases have also been reported, with significant variations observed over consecutive days.
What is the mean macular thickness of diabetic macular edema?5 answersThe mean macular thickness of diabetic macular edema (DME) varies across studies. In a retrospective study by Dasari Gayatri et al., the mean macular thickness ranged from 245 to 651 μm, with different grades of disruption in the external limiting membrane (ELM) and ellipsoid zone (EZ) correlating with varying thickness. Another study by Chandrika Sareddy et al. found that in patients with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), the central macular thickness was significantly increased compared to controls, indicating subclinical macular edema. Additionally, Aqil et al. reported a mean central macular thickness of 270.49 μm in patients with diabetic macular edema, which was significantly higher than in healthy controls. These studies collectively highlight the variability in macular thickness in DME patients.
How does the prevalence of ocular manifestations vary among different types of diabetes mellitus?5 answersThe prevalence of ocular manifestations varies among different types of diabetes mellitus. In type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, ocular manifestations include diabetic retinopathy, cataract, glaucoma, keratitis, retinal vascular occlusion, ophthalmoplegia, lid lesions, ischemic optic neuropathy, and age-related macular degenerations. Specifically, diabetic retinopathy was found to be the most common ocular manifestation in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, followed by cataract, cranial nerve palsy, and glaucoma. Furthermore, the severity and prevalence of diabetic retinopathy were observed to be higher in patients with a longer duration of diabetes, indicating a correlation between disease duration and ocular complications. Early detection through regular eye examinations is crucial to prevent visual impairment due to these ocular manifestations in diabetes patients.
How is choroidal thickness related to carotid plaque?4 answersChoroidal thickness is significantly associated with carotid plaque. Patients with carotid stenosis (CS) have thinner subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) compared to control subjects. In patients with coronary artery disease, thinner SFCT is observed in the ipsilateral eyes before carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Carotid plaque, a marker of atherosclerosis and stenosis, is significantly and independently associated with retinal and choroidal microvascular changes. Patients with carotid artery stenosis (CAS) show significantly thinner choroidal thickness compared to controls. The percentage of ICA stenosis is significantly associated with central choroidal thickness. These findings suggest that choroidal thickness may be a useful indicator for assessing carotid plaque and the risk of stroke in patients with carotid stenosis or artery stenosis.
What is the relationship between lesions and multiple sclerosis relapses?4 answersLesions in multiple sclerosis (MS) are associated with relapses and can be detected using brain MRI. Gadolinium-enhanced (Gd+) lesions are commonly found in MS relapses, even when the clinical manifestation is outside of the brain. These lesions are often located subcortically and can be present in various regions of the brain, including the brainstem, cerebellum, spinal cord, and optic nerves. The number of Gd+ lesions can vary among patients, with some individuals having multiple lesions. The presence of these lesions indicates acute inflammation and is associated with worsening disability in MS patients. The relationship between lesions and relapses is complex and not fully understood, but there is evidence to suggest that relapse activity may contribute to long-term disability in MS.
What is thickness swelling?3 answersThickness swelling refers to the increase in thickness of a material, typically wood-based composites, when exposed to moisture. It is a significant factor that can affect the physical and strength properties of the material. The mechanism of thickness swelling involves various factors such as the degree of built-up internal stresses, water uptake by encapsulated wood particles, and interfacial separations. The rate of thickness swelling can vary depending on factors such as the moisture content, density, resin content, and particle size of the material. Studies have been conducted to understand the thickness swelling behavior of different wood-based composites, including particleboards and oriented strandboards (OSB). These studies have used techniques such as scanning electron microscopy to observe the morphological changes in the internal structures of the composites.