How france maintain stability in africa?5 answersFrance maintains stability in Africa through a combination of historical ties, military interventions, and diplomatic strategies. The concept of "Françafrique" and the policy of "soft power" through Francophonie play crucial roles in French foreign policy in Africa. Initially, bilateral cooperation agreements with security clauses were used to ensure political stability and protect French interests in the region. However, evolving geopolitics have led to a shift towards multilateralism, regionalism, and coalition-building to address security challenges in Africa. France recognizes the interconnectedness of security and development in Africa, emphasizing the need for comprehensive approaches beyond military means to address root causes of conflicts, such as poverty. President Nicolas Sarkozy's hybrid strategy in Cote d'Ivoire exemplifies France's adaptive approach to African security, combining multilateral and unilateral actions for stability.
What is the current state of protectionism in Mauritius?5 answersThe current state of protectionism in Mauritius has significantly evolved due to trade liberalization. Over the past two decades, Mauritius has transitioned into an almost duty-free economy, heavily relying on imports for industrial inputs and food supplies. The country's trade openness has been a key factor in its economic success, with a decline in trade as a share of GDP from 105% in 2014 to 76% in 2020, influenced by factors like the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite facing challenges such as job losses in sectors like the sugar industry and Export Processing Zones due to global competition and technology transfer, Mauritius has signed significant trade agreements with China and India to potentially enhance its strategic positioning.
Why police officers failed to observe human rights?3 answersPolice officers failed to observe human rights due to various reasons. One reason is the inadequate understanding and practice of human rights standards among police officers, as revealed in a study conducted in Ghana. Another reason is the non-compliance of police directives with basic human rights standards in the largest cities of the wealthiest countries. Additionally, the presence and meaning of human rights for police officers are shaped by their own experiences and organizational representations, leading to variations, inconsistencies, and contradictions in their understanding. Furthermore, some police officers may deny any violations of human rights and resist external advice, indicating a deeper malaise within police organizations. Overall, the violation of human rights by police officers is a global concern, and efforts to improve their training and adherence to human rights standards are necessary.
How did the French Revolution affect the development of human rights?5 answersThe French Revolution had a profound impact on the development of human rights. It drew on Enlightenment ideas to spread modern concepts such as human rights, republicanism, legal equality, nationalism, and the value of scientific knowledge. Contrary to popular belief, the Catholic Church actually approved of human rights, although with a more Thomistic understanding, even during the French Revolution. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, adopted in 1789, played a significant role in defining rights during the revolution. Additionally, the revolution's first written constitution granted freedom of movement as a basic right of French citizenship, which influenced migratory patterns and had repercussions beyond France. The rise of fundamental rights in France can be attributed to increasing pluralism and the fragmentation of society, leading to a greater emphasis on individual and group-oriented pluralism expressed in terms of fundamental rights.
What are the constitutional arrangements in Mauritius?3 answersThe constitutional arrangements in Mauritius are a result of its history as a former French and British colony. The country adopted the Westminster model of parliamentary democracy, which has been adapted to ensure power-sharing among the various ethnic groups. The law and legal system in Mauritius reflect the legal traditions of both France and England, with private law based on the French Code Civil and public law and commercial law based on English law. The democratic institutions in Mauritius, including electoral institutions, have played a key role in maintaining democratic stability. These institutions were designed during independence negotiations to protect and promote the interests of different groups in the country. Mauritius became a republic within the Commonwealth in 1992, breaking its last umbilical link with Britain. The country has also ratified the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, committing to protect and promote human rights.
What are the constitutional arrangements in Mauritius in terms of local government?3 answersMauritius is a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional arrangement based on the Westminster model. The country has retained this political system even after gaining independence from Britain in 1968 and becoming a republic in 1992. The Westminster model, which follows a winner-takes-all approach, has been adapted in Mauritius to ensure power-sharing among the different ethnic communities. The Constitution of Mauritius includes provisions to guarantee representation for each community in the National Assembly. The population of Mauritius consists of four main communities: Hindu, Muslim, Sino-Mauritian, and the General Population. Each community has a specific percentage of the total population, with Hindus being the largest group.