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How is the Pfizer COVID vaccine made?

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The Pfizer COVID vaccine is made using messenger RNA (mRNA) technology . The vaccine contains lipid nanoparticle-formulated, nucleoside-modified mRNA . One of the modifications made to the mRNA is the swapping of uridine with 1-methylpseudouridine, which improves protein production and reduces the immune response . The vaccine was developed by Pfizer and BioNTech and was the first COVID-19 vaccine to be approved . It received emergency use authorization from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) . The vaccine has been distributed throughout the US .

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Open access•Journal Article•DOI Covid-19: Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine is rolled out in US. Janice Hopkins Tanne 14 Dec 2020-BMJ 16 Citations	The paper does not provide information on how the Pfizer COVID vaccine is made.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI Behind the scenes of the Pfizer BioNTech covid-19 vaccine trial. Joanne Silberner 23 Feb 2021-BMJ 2 Citations	The paper does not provide information on how the Pfizer COVID vaccine is made. The paper is about the Pfizer BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine trial.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI The Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine: Remarkably Effective Richard T. Ellison 15 Dec 2020-NEJM Journal Watch 1 Citations	The paper does not provide information on how the Pfizer COVID vaccine is made. The paper discusses the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines but does not go into the specific manufacturing process.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI Evidence of Abnormal Trading on COVID-19 Pfizer Vaccine Development Information Andrew Mason, Ahmed Elkassabgi - Show less +1 more 06 Jul 2022-Journal of risk and financial management 1 Citations	The provided paper does not provide information on how the Pfizer COVID vaccine is made. The paper focuses on analyzing the impact of public announcements on stock returns and volatilities for Pfizer and Moderna.
Journal Article•DOI Moderna sues Pfizer and BioNTech over COVID-19 vaccine Gina Vitale 01 Sep 2022	The paper does not provide information on how the Pfizer COVID vaccine is made. The paper is about Moderna suing Pfizer and BioNTech over patent infringement.

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How is made vaccine of dna?4 answersDNA vaccines are constructed by cloning antigen sequences into plasmids, enabling a tailored and safe design. These plasmids serve as DNA platforms with elements like a viral promoter gene, antibiotic resistance gene, bacterial origin of replication gene, and a multiple cloning site for antigen insertion. Upon administration into host cells, the DNA vaccines lead to antigen expression, stimulating both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. The immunization with these recombinant vectors allows for intracellular expression of encoded antigens, triggering antigen-specific immune responses. This process induces a robust immune response dependent on B and T cells, providing effective protection against various pathogens, tumor cells, allergies, and autoimmune diseases. Overall, DNA vaccines offer a promising strategy for vaccination, leveraging the genetic stability, safety, and ease of production and administration of plasmid-based immunization.

How to make oral vaccine?5 answersOral vaccines can be made using different approaches. One approach is to use ordered mesoporous silica (OMS) as an efficient oral adjuvant to deliver a variety of antigens, promoting immunogenicity. Another approach is to encapsulate antigen proteins inside porous silica matrices, which protect the proteins from the acidic stomach environment and enhance immunity. Electrohydrodynamic processes, specifically electrospraying, can also be used to manufacture oral vaccines, as it modulates antigen release and has a high loading efficiency. Additionally, an oral vaccine preparation for fish or crustaceans can be made using acid-treated low molecular weight alginic acid in the form of beads carrying an attenuated microorganism. These different approaches offer alternatives to traditional injection-based vaccines and can help eliminate the associated adverse effects while enhancing compliance and immunization.

What are the main challenges to the development of a COVID-19 vaccine?5 answersThe main challenges to the development of a COVID-19 vaccine include the rapid evolution of the virus, which has led to the emergence of various variants that can lower the protection rate of vaccines and result in breakthrough infections. Additionally, there are concerns about rare but severe adverse reactions induced by COVID-19 vaccines, although clinical studies have shown that the benefits of vaccination outweigh the risks. Limited adaptive age populations for current vaccines approved with emergency use authorization (EUA) is another challenge, as infants, children, and adolescents are not included. Furthermore, the effectiveness and neutralization activity of current vaccines, especially against the omicron variant, are reduced. Vaccine hesitancy and the spread of disinformation through social media also pose obstacles to achieving optimal vaccination coverage. To overcome these challenges, the development of next-generation COVID-19 vaccines should focus on expanding adaptive age populations, inducing immune responses to viral variants, addressing rare adverse reactions, and exploring subunit vaccines with adjuvants encapsulated in nanoparticles.

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