What is inoculation?5 answersInoculation refers to various processes and applications across different fields. In the context of material science, inoculation is utilized to modify the microstructure of polycrystalline solids, impacting their material properties. It involves introducing seeds or agents to influence nucleation kinetics during crystallization, ultimately shaping the resulting microstructure. In a different domain, inoculation can also refer to a method of preventing messages from reaching a recipient in their original executable format, rendering them safe for viewing or printing. Furthermore, in agriculture and biotechnology, inoculation involves the controlled introduction of aerosolized materials onto substrates, facilitated by specialized apparatus for efficient and versatile application. These diverse applications highlight the adaptability and significance of inoculation in various scientific and practical contexts.
How to prepare probiotic?5 answersProbiotics can be prepared using various methods. One method involves inoculating seeds into a culture medium and cultivating them to prepare a cultured product. This cultured product is then fermented with a mixed composition containing beet pulp, a first mixed extract, and the cultured product itself. The first mixed extract consists of Mentha Canadensis extract, Agastache rugosa extract, and Chinese cinnamon extract. The fermented product is then mixed with excipients such as corn DDGS, gluten feed, and wheat bran. Another method involves inoculating enterococcus faecium and bacillus licheniformis seeds into a solid fermentation culture medium. A composite enzyme preparation is added for mixed fermentation, resulting in a probiotic preparation with increased viable bacteria and inhibited growth of miscellaneous bacteria. Additionally, a probiotic liquid preparation can be made using a double-emulsion structure. This involves mixing a probiotic bacterium suspension, a thickener, and an intestinal tract auxiliary release material. The mixture is then subjected to induction with bivalent salt ions to form a gel-like inner water phase. This is combined with an oil phase and an outer water phase to create a probiotic emulsion preparation. Another method involves preparing probiotic chocolate by mixing chocolate bars with a probiotic powder emulsion containing bacillus coagulans powder. The mixture is then emulsified, temperature-regulated, and poured into shapes to create probiotic chocolate with a high survival rate of probiotics. Finally, a probiotic combined preparation can be made by combining milk powder, a sweetening agent, probiotic powder, and a probiotic protecting agent. This preparation contains lactobacillus rhamnosus LGG and bifidobacterium animalis BB-12, which have beneficial effects on the intestinal tract and overall immunity.
How to make biofilm?5 answersBiofilms are formed by microorganisms that attach to a surface and produce an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) that acts as a glue-like matrix. The EPS is composed of polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and other substances. The formation of biofilms involves several steps, starting with the attachment of a single cell to a surface, followed by the formation of multiple layers of microbial cells. Biofilms can be made up of a single species or a combination of many microbial species, including bacteria, fungi, archaea, and diatoms. Different factors such as temperature, water, and the secretion of EPSs influence biofilm formation. Techniques such as microfluidic platforms and plasma irradiation treatment have been developed to study and manipulate biofilm formation.
How 10ML inoculum was sufficient to inoculate 500 ML medium.?4 answersThe inoculum size for maximum yield of S. carpocapsae Agriotos (A24) and H. bacteriophora (H06) was established. Using 500 ml flasks containing 100 g liquid medium, a maximum yield of 32 x 10^6 A24 was obtained with 8 x 10^5 juveniles in 16 days and of 30 x 10^6 H06 with 56 x 10^5 juveniles in 12 days. Fructosyltransferase was prepared from an aerobic culture of Aureobasidium sp. by inoculating 10 ml medium with 5% sucrose, 0.5% powdered yeast, and other ingredients in a 500 ml Erlenmeyer flask and shake-culturing it at 32°C for 96 hours. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of the mean cell volume (MCV) of algal inoculum on the sensitivity and reproducibility of the toxicity test. Two sets of experiments were conducted using inoculums with MCV equal to 60 μm^3/cell and 40 μm^3/cell, respectively. The invention relates to a simple inoculum inoculation method, where a wind-tight inoculation shed is built outdoors with plastic cloth, and the inoculation is carried out using a culture medium prepared by injecting mixed powder of glucose, saccharose, and soybean meal into chopped carrots. The medium of Snell, Eakin, and Williams (1940) was employed throughout but was modified by the addition of various supplements. The inoculum was prepared by transferring the organism from a 24-hr Saboraud agar slant to unsupplemented Snell's medium.
How to produce bacterial cellulose?3 answersBacterial cellulose (BC) can be produced using various methods and techniques. One approach is to use glycerol as a renewable carbon source, which has been shown to be an efficient and environmentally friendly option for BC production. Another method involves using natural loofa sponge as a scaffold for the immobilization of Gluconacetobacter kombuchae, which enhances BC production. Bacteria such as Gluconacetobacter xylinus can self-assemble and produce cellulose capsules, which can be used in various applications. BC production can also be achieved through different culture techniques and media, with various sources for bacterial strain isolation. To overcome limitations in BC production, efforts have been made to identify waste byproducts and inexpensive carbon sources, such as industrial and municipal wastes, coconut water, and fruit juices. These strategies have helped reduce production costs and make BC production more economically viable.
How to prepare starter culture?2 answersStarter cultures can be prepared using different methods depending on the specific application. For the preparation of a yogurt starter culture, fruit juice is added to increase the efficacy of yogurt, while various sugars are added to provide a better nutrient environment and accelerate fermentation rate. An organic fertilizer starter culture is prepared using active substances such as starch, agar, fish meal, and soya flour, along with a starter culture, resulting in a wide application range and high fertilizer efficiency. A microbial starter culture for municipal sludge treatment is prepared using a machine that allows for thorough crushing and uniform stirring, improving the preparation work efficiency. Another method involves using a fermentation broth produced by fermenting fruits, vegetables, and food as a starter culture for fermented drinks, enhancing flavor and nutrition. Additionally, a starter culture comprising a mixture of specific strains is used to prepare fermented products with benefits such as reducing fatigue and modifying gut microbiota.