Why is glass transition temperature important for flexible electronics substrates?10 answersThe glass transition temperature (Tg) is a pivotal parameter for flexible electronics substrates due to its significant influence on the material's mechanical and thermal properties, which directly affect the performance and reliability of the devices. Tg demarcates the transition from a hard and brittle state to a softer, more pliable state, which is crucial for the design of soft, stretchable, or flexible electronics. Materials with a Tg lower than the operating temperature can ensure the substrate remains flexible and resistant to mechanical stress during use.
Polyimide substrates, for instance, are favored in flexible display devices for their ability to withstand high temperatures while maintaining thermal stability, a characteristic closely tied to their high Tg. Understanding and accurately predicting the Tg of conjugated polymers, which are often used in these substrates, is essential for controlling the kinetics of molecular organization, thereby influencing the device's morphological stability and mechanical properties.
Moreover, the Tg affects the processing conditions and the resulting structure-processing-property relationships, which are key to achieving optimal optoelectronic performance in polymer semiconductors used in flexible electronics. The orientation of molecules in vapor-deposited glasses, which is crucial for organic electronics applications, is also influenced by the substrate temperature in relation to the Tg.
Flexible displays require substrates that combine flexibility with properties traditionally associated with glass, such as thermal and chemical stability, where a high Tg plays a critical role. High Tg materials, like certain polyamide-imides, offer enhanced dielectric properties for high-temperature applications, extending the usability of flexible electronics. The quest to improve the Tg of polyimides underscores its importance in determining the processing temperature of thin-film transistors on PI films, directly impacting the development of advanced flexible electronics. Lastly, the surface glass transition temperature (Tgsurf) is crucial for understanding the behavior of thin polymer films used in flexible electronics, affecting their stability and performance.
How to measure gas?4 answersGas can be measured using various methods. One method involves introducing the gas into a measurement cell at a prescribed pressure and performing measurement using CRDS through a laser light source unit, an optical switch, an optical resonator, and a light detector. The background concentration of other components can be obtained from a ring-down time, and the concentration of the target gas can be calculated by removing the background influence. Another method involves using an analyzer to measure the flow rate of each gas, injecting a reference gas at a constant flow rate, and using a calculation unit to compensate for the flow rate of the gas to be analyzed based on the flow rate of the reference gas. Additionally, a gas measuring method based on real-time pressure change can be used, where the flow of gas is calculated based on the pressure value in a container and a known formula. Another device involves using a gas storage unit submerged in a water tank, where the volume of the target gas is calculated based on the opening and closing times of a cover plate. Finally, a gas measurement device and method use infrared radiation and gas temperature to find the concentration-thickness product of a gas cloud at a single measurement point.
What is Glass Transition Temperature?4 answersThe glass transition temperature (Tg) is a fundamental property of polymers that describes their behavior. It is the temperature at which a polymer transitions from a rigid, glassy state to a more flexible, rubbery state. Tg is an important characteristic because it affects the material's mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. Different techniques can be used to determine Tg, such as differential scanning calorimetry and low-frequency Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy is a promising technique for thermal characterization of polymers because it is chemically agnostic, contactless, and does not require intensity calibration or deconvolution.The glass transition of polymers can be characterized by changes in the probability distribution of dihedral angles and the distribution of time spent in different torsional states. These molecular signatures provide insights into the spatial heterogeneity and dynamical ergodicity breaking in polymer systems, and can help quantitatively determine the transition temperature.
What is the glass transition temperature of the MDI/BDO hard segment?5 answersThe glass transition temperature of the MDI/BDO hard segment is 108 °C.
How does cooling rate effect on glass transition temperature of polymer?3 answersThe glass transition temperature (Tg) of a polymer is affected by the cooling rate. It has been observed that the Tg decreases as the cooling rate is decreased. This decrease in Tg is more pronounced for thinner films and becomes progressively larger as the cooling rate is decreased. The cooling rate dependence of Tg follows the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann law for all thicknesses. The relation between the cooling rate and the frequency necessary to achieve the same Tg has been quantified in terms of a logarithmic difference Δ = log10(|q|) - log10(ω). The values of Δ obtained for various polymers agree reasonably well with the theoretical prediction based on the Tool-Narayanaswamy-Moynihan model with a distribution of relaxation times. The shift of the glass transition temperature and the broadening of the transition zone at increased cooling rate have been characterized experimentally. The cooling experiments have been simulated using the Vogel temperature dependence for the relaxation time.
How you accurately measure glass transition temperature on DSC temp. v/s heat flow or deriv. heat flow graph?0 answersThe glass transition temperature (Tg) can be accurately measured on a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) temperature versus heat flow or derivative heat flow graph. One method involves transforming DSC data into enthalpy curves, which give Tg with an accuracy of ±1 K. By lowering the cooling rate through the glassy region, Tg is found to decrease by 2.2 K per decade decrease in cooling rate. Another approach is to measure the change in intensity ratio of the absorption peak of the infrared-ray absorbing spectrum with respect to temperature. This method allows for the highly accurate measurement of Tg in amorphous macromolecular materials. Additionally, a series of tests can be carried out by pressing an indenter into the surface of the test material at a smoothly varying temperature, and the resulting indentation diagram can be used to determine Tg.