How does the increase in Sales Service Tax impact the firm's revenue and profitability?5 answersThe increase in Sales Service Tax can have varying impacts on a firm's revenue and profitability. Research suggests that the taxation of services under the sales tax can enhance the adequacy of sales tax revenues but may not significantly increase revenues, especially from personal services. Additionally, the compliance burden associated with the tax system, such as GST compliance, can harm business performance by increasing the burden on firms, impacting profitability. On the other hand, the servitization of the manufacturing sector, where firms offer services alongside goods, has shown to positively impact firm performance, leading to increased profitability, employment, and total sales, especially for small businesses. Therefore, while service taxation may have mixed effects, incorporating services into a firm's offerings can lead to improved financial outcomes.
What is the difference between direct and indirect taxation?5 answersDirect taxation involves imposing taxes directly on individuals or entities based on their income, wealth, or profits. In contrast, indirect taxation entails levying taxes on goods, services, or commercial activities, ultimately impacting those who consume these products. Direct taxes are more prevalent in developing countries, focusing on income, profit, and capital gains, while indirect taxes are more common in advanced industrial nations. Research indicates that direct taxes have a significant negative correlation with economic growth but are efficient in generating tax revenue, while indirect taxes have a positive but insignificant impact on economic growth. The visibility of taxes plays a crucial role in accountability, with direct taxes increasing citizens' demands for accountability more effectively than indirect taxes.
What is the difference between Direct and Indirect loss?5 answersDirect loss refers to the immediate loss of assets or capital stock, while indirect loss stems from the decline in post-disaster production. In the context of urban expansion, direct loss involves the direct conversion of natural areas like forests and shrublands into urban land, whereas indirect loss occurs through the displacement of agricultural land, leading to further loss of natural land cover. In the case of Parkinson's disease, direct costs of healthcare contribute significantly to the financial burden, while indirect costs, such as work loss, for both patients and their spouses, also play a substantial role in the overall economic impact. Understanding the distinction between direct and indirect loss is crucial for comprehensive disaster prevention strategies, urban development planning, and healthcare cost assessments.
What is indirect conflict of interests in agency?5 answersIndirect conflict of interests in agency refers to situations where there are divergences of interests between the principal and the agent, resulting in potential conflicts. This conflict can arise in various forms, such as when dominant shareholders seek to misappropriate returns at the expense of minority shareholders. It can also occur due to heteroschedasticity of policy shifts and weaknesses in corporate governance, leading to conflicts of interest among policy makers and agencies, such as banks. Additionally, agency conflicts can manifest in three directions: agents behaving opportunistically against principals, principals behaving opportunistically against agents, and relationships between agents and principals affecting the interests of third-party stakeholders. In the context of crowdsourcing innovation, there can be an agency conflict between crowd assessment and expert assessment, where the preferences of the employee crowd may diverge from organizational objectives.
What is the difference between a direct and indirect beneficiary?5 answersA direct beneficiary refers to the recipient of a resource or policy who directly experiences the benefits, such as improved health or receiving treatment. On the other hand, an indirect beneficiary refers to third parties who benefit from the resource or policy, such as economic gains from a healthier workforce or spillover effects. Direct benefits are immediate and specific to the recipient, while indirect benefits are broader and affect others in society. In the context of healthcare resource allocation, direct benefits are the health improvements received by the individual, while indirect benefits are the economic gains or benefits to third parties. It is argued that both direct and indirect benefits should be considered in allocation decisions, as the indirect benefits can also have moral relevance.
Any example of introducing a sales tax will lead to an decrease in tax revenue?4 answersIntroducing a sales tax can lead to a decrease in tax revenue. Studies have shown that when tax rates are above the norm, there is a negative elasticity resulting in reduced retail trade. Additionally, the capitalization of sales taxes into housing prices can reduce property tax bases in areas with higher sales taxes, indicating that a sales tax rate increase might not raise local revenue capacity as much as intended. Furthermore, a decrease in sales tax has been found to decrease remote sales by about 15%, indicating a negative effect on tax revenue. These findings suggest that the net effect of changing sales tax rates on revenues from sales taxes can be negative, especially when rates are higher than 4 percent.