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Isolation and characterisation of antifungal resistant yeast from a watewater treatment plant in North West province

Antimicrobial peptides

Fusarium oxysporum

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Isolation and characterization of antifungal resistant yeast from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is crucial due to the potential dissemination of resistant fungi into the environment. Studies have shown the presence of antifungal resistant fungi in WWTP effluents, with a notable prevalence of resistance to azole antifungals. Candida species, common nosocomial pathogens, have been isolated from various clinical specimens, exhibiting resistance to fluconazole. Additionally, the emergence of resistance to commonly used antifungal agents has led to the exploration of novel antifungals like plant defensins, which show slower development of resistance compared to traditional antifungals. Therefore, investigating antifungal resistance in yeast from WWTPs in the North West province is essential to understand the extent of resistance and potential risks to human health.

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Open access•Journal Article•DOI Resistance to the Plant Defensin NaD1 Features Modifications to the Cell Wall and Osmo-Regulation Pathways of Yeast Amanda I. McColl, Mark R. Bleackley, Marilyn A. Anderson, Rohan G. T. Lowe - Show less +3 more 24 Jul 2018-Frontiers in Microbiology 13 Citations	Not addressed in the paper.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI Antifungal susceptibility of yeasts isolated from anthropogenic watershed Ana Carolina Medeiros Milanezi, Joao Paulo Duarte Witusk, Sueli Terezinha Van der Sand - Show less +2 more 01 Jan 2019-Anais Da Academia Brasileira De Ciencias 10 Citations	Not addressed in the paper.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI Phenotypic characterization and antifungal susceptibility pattern of candida sp isolated from a tertiary care center Rudramurthy K. G, Ramya Kumaran Ramya Kumaran, Geetha R. K - Show less +2 more 25 Feb 2014-Journal of Evolution of medical and Dental Sciences 3 Citations	Not addressed in the paper.
Journal Article•DOI Azole antifungal resistance in fungal isolates from wastewater treatment plant effluents Hailemariam Abrha Assress, Ramganesh Selvarajan, Hlengilizwe Nyoni, Henry Joseph Oduor Ogola, Bhekie B. Mamba, Titus A.M. Msagati, Titus A.M. Msagati - Show less +6 more 01 Jan 2021-Environmental Science and Pollution Research 9 Citations	Not addressed in the paper.
Open access•Dissertation Water quality and antifungal resistance of yeast species from selected rivers in the North West Province Mzimkhulu Ephraim Monapathi 01 Jan 2019 1 Citations	Not addressed in the paper.

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Isolation and characterisation of antifungal resistant yeast from a watewater treatment plant in Mahikeng5 answersAntifungal resistant fungi, including yeast, have been isolated from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Studies have shown that yeast isolates from polluted aquatic environments exhibit resistance to antifungals, particularly azole antifungals. Additionally, the presence of yeasts with resistance to heavy metals has been observed in WWTPs, indicating their potential role in environmental contamination. These findings highlight the importance of studying environmental microbiota, such as yeast, in WWTPs to understand their resistance profiles and potential impact on public health. Therefore, investigating antifungal resistant yeast in a wastewater treatment plant in Mahikeng is crucial to assess the risk they pose and develop strategies for mitigation and control.

How to perform planta antifungal experiment?5 answersTo conduct a plant antifungal experiment, start by preparing aqueous extracts of plants known for their antifungal properties, such as Prosopis juliflora, Ipomoea carnea, Leucaena leucocephala, Allium cepa, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Cymbopogon proximus, Laurus nobilis, Persea americana, Zingiber officinale, and Lawsonia alba, Acacia catechu, Dedonia viscosa, Mimosa hamata, Acacia arabicae, Jacranda mimosaefolia, Ocimum sanctum. Extracts can be prepared using cold distilled water or boiling water. The antifungal activity can be tested against pathogenic fungi through various methods like Minimum Antifungal Concentration, Kirby–Bauer disk-diffusion method, and mycelial growth inhibition assays. In vitro and in vivo experiments can be conducted to evaluate the efficacy of these plant extracts in inhibiting fungal growth and controlling diseases like Verticillium wilt and dry rot in crops.

Candida albicans is resistant to NSS5 answersCandida albicans is not resistant to NSS. The abstracts do not mention any resistance of Candida albicans to NSS.

How to isolation of antifungal activity bacteria?4 answersAntifungal activity bacteria can be isolated using various methods. In one study, a bacterial isolate was obtained from an over-incubated nutrient agar plate exposed to air. The bacterium was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp plantarum strain FZB42, and its cell-free culture supernatant showed antifungal activity against filamentous fungi. Another study isolated bacteria from natto, a traditional Japanese fermented food, which exhibited a strong antagonistic effect against plant pathogens. The bacteria were identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and the production of the lipopeptide antibiotic iturin A was observed. Additionally, strains of Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas spp., Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Pantoea agglomerans were isolated from soil and showed antifungal activity against Stenocarpella maydis and Stenocarpella macrospora, causal agents of ear rot in corn. Bacillus cereus strains isolated from the local environment also exhibited antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans. Furthermore, a type of bacteria belonging to the genus Paenibacillus spp. was isolated from garden soils and showed antagonistic activity against various phytopathogenic and toxin-producing fungi.

What are some unexplained problems regarding C. glabrata antifungal resistance?5 answersCandida glabrata exhibits unexplained problems regarding antifungal resistance. One issue is the presence of mixed populations of genetically diverse strains in bloodstream infections (BSIs), which can lead to differences in susceptibility to antifungal agents and phagocytosis. Another problem is the role of epigenetic histone modifications in azole-induced gene expression and drug resistance, which are poorly understood in C. glabrata. Additionally, the mechanisms of drug resistance and virulence associated with C. glabrata need further investigation. The absence of CgErg6p, a specific enzyme involved in sterol biosynthesis, leads to reduced susceptibility to antifungal azoles and polyenes, as well as plasma membrane hyperpolarization and decreased fluidity. Furthermore, the deletion of CgERG6 gene affects the oxidative stress response in C. glabrata, resulting in increased susceptibility to oxidative stress inducing agents and altered expression of transcription factors and genes involved in oxidative stress response.

What are the most effective strategies for treating multi-drug resistant Candida albicans infections?4 answersCombination therapy, targeting fungal-virulence traits, and modulating host immunity are some of the most effective strategies for treating multi-drug resistant Candida albicans infections. Drug repurposing, specifically combining antibiotics and antifungal drugs, has shown synergistic effects against drug-resistant Candida spp. and could provide alternative therapeutic approaches for drug resistance. Additionally, the use of antibiotics and their derivatives alone or in combination with antifungals has demonstrated potential anti-Candida activity and increased susceptibility to antifungals. The development of alternative molecules and substances, as well as the use of traditional drugs in combination with promising agents, could also be effective in treating Candida infections. An effective antifungal stewardship program that incorporates rapid fungal diagnostics, therapeutic drug monitoring, and clinical intervention teams is essential for controlling drug resistance and preserving drug effectiveness.

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