What is the role of CCR4 in the pathogenesis of autoimmune inflammatory diseases?5 answersCCR4 plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune inflammatory diseases. It has been implicated in diseases such as diabetes, multiple sclerosis, asthma, dermatitis, and cancer. In collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), CCR4 is involved in the expansion of Th17 cells in the regional lymph nodes (LNs). CCR4-deficient mice are highly resistant to CIA induction, highlighting the contribution of CCR4 to the pathogenesis of RA. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS), TLR4 deficiency down-regulates CCR9 expression in infiltrating lymphocytes, suggesting that TLR4 mediates Th17 infiltration through the CCL25/CCR9 signal during EAE pathogenesis. The CXCL12/CXCR4/ACKR3 axis, which includes CCR4, is a potential therapeutic target for various inflammatory diseases, including autoimmune diseases. CD4 helper T cells, including Th17 cells that express CCR4, are involved in the pathology of immune-related inflammatory diseases.
Is STAT3 activated by CXCR4?5 answersSTAT3 is activated by CXCR4 signaling in various types of cancer, including lung cancer. CXCR4 is frequently expressed in malignant tumors and plays a crucial role in tumor growth, metastasis, and resistance to treatment, including ionizing radiation (IR). Activation of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway via CXCL12-CXCR4 signaling is important for breast cancer malignancy and metastasis. In bladder cancer, CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling promotes invasion of cancer cells through activation of Stat3 transcriptional activity. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), CXCL12 enhances IL-10 production by CLL cells through activation of S727-STAT3, contributing to immunodeficiency in patients. Lenalidomide, an immune-modulatory drug, can inhibit CXCL12-induced STAT3 phosphorylation and reverse CLL-induced immunosuppression.
What is the function of CCR5 in CD4 T cells?5 answersCCR5 has multiple functions in CD4+ T cells. It acts as a coreceptor for HIV-1 infection, contributing to the functional fitness of these cells. CCR5 signaling reduces ceramide levels and increases T cell antigen receptor (TCR) nanoclustering in antigen-experienced CD4+ T cells, independent of its co-stimulatory activity. This activity is CCR5-specific and regulates the generation of CD4+ T cell memory responses. Additionally, CCR5 downregulation in HIV elite controllers, either through genetic mutations or increased expression of β-chemokine ligands, decreases susceptibility to CCR5-dependent HIV entry, promoting natural HIV control. IL-15, but not IL-7, enhances the survival and expansion of CCR5+CD4+ T cells, potentially facilitating HIV-1 infection. Overall, CCR5 plays a crucial role in HIV infection, TCR nanoclustering, and the generation of CD4+ T cell memory responses.
Does rkd4 trigger expression of LEC1?5 answersRKD4 is a novel key regulator of the earliest stage of plant development. There is no direct mention of RKD4 triggering the expression of LEC1 in any of the abstracts provided. However, LEC1 is a master regulator of seed development and interacts with other transcription factors such as LEC2, ABI3, and FUS3. It is possible that RKD4 may indirectly affect the expression of LEC1 through its role in early embryogenesis and pattern formation. Further research is needed to determine the specific regulatory interactions between RKD4 and LEC1.
Does litchi increase platelets?9 answers
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