How does barium carboxylate complexation affect the xps spectra?5 answersBarium carboxylate complexation affects XPS spectra by influencing the chemical composition and electronic structure of the surface. In the case of BaCO3, the interaction with SOx leads to the formation of barium sulfate on the surface, resulting in changes in the surface charge and the nature of surface compounds. The formation of BaCO3 on the surface can occur through reactions with the atmosphere or bulk precipitation. In the study of a heterometallic complex, the substitution of Mn atoms with Fe atoms was found to affect the XPS spectra, indicating changes in the electronic structure and bond covalence. Therefore, the complexation of barium carboxylates can alter the chemical composition and electronic properties of the surface, leading to variations in XPS spectra.
Values of background for Ba in sediments?3 answersThe background values for Ba in sediments varied across the different studies. In the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) in China, the average concentration of Ba in sediments was 53.98 mg/kg in the mainstream and 90.88 mg/kg in the tributaries, slightly higher than the sediment background values in China (48 mg/kg). In the Gualaxo do Norte river basin in Brazil, the background values for Ba in sediments were not specifically mentioned, but it was noted that the concentrations of Ba were relatively elevated and possibly related to local geology. In the Parnaiba River Delta estuary in Brazil, the background values for Ba in sediments were not provided. In the state of Paraiba in Brazil, the background value for Ba in soils was 117.41 mg/kg. In the Amapa coastline in Brazil, the background value for Ba in sediments was 392.41 mg/kg.
What is barium sulphate scale solubility with temperature?4 answersBarium sulphate (BaSO4) scale solubility is influenced by temperature. Experimental data indicates that the solubility of BaSO4 in pure water at temperatures greater than 100 °C is limited, with only one reliable report available. However, the solubility of BaSO4 in various electrolyte solutions has been studied. The addition of chlorides (NaCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2) into the solution increases BaSO4 solubility, while sulphates (Na2SO4) greatly reduce BaSO4 solubility due to a common ion effect. Additionally, a study found that the solubility of barite was 26.8 g/L in a solution containing 20 wt.% of DTPA-K5 and 25.6 g/L in a solution containing 20 wt.% of EDTA-K4 at a pH value above 11 and a temperature of 200°F. The Brine Chemistry Consortium software ScaleSoftPitzer (SSP) incorporates temperature and pressure dependence of virial coefficients in the Pitzer’s equations of ion activity coefficients to predict BaSO4 solubility.
Barium can floculate and precipitate in high salinity?2 answersBarium can flocculate and precipitate in high salinity conditions. The flocculation rates of barium were found to be influenced by salinity, with higher salinity leading to increased flocculation. Additionally, the deposition of barium sulfate scales was observed in sandstone cores when sea water and formation water with high concentrations of barium ions were mixed. The solubility of barium sulfate scales was found to decrease with increasing temperature, leading to increased deposition at higher temperatures. Reservoir simulation studies also showed that the injection of a viscous polymer slug reduced the mixing between injected and formation brines, resulting in reduced barium sulfate deposition in the reservoir. These findings suggest that high salinity can indeed promote the flocculation and precipitation of barium.
Position of a barium meal?5 answersThe position of a barium meal can be determined using various devices and techniques. One such device is a position turnover device for an upper gastrointestinal tract X-ray barium meal examination, which consists of an X-ray examination bed with upper and lower fixing boards, guide rails, and rotary shafts connected to motors. Another device is a barium meal stirrer, which includes a modulating cylinder with a stirrer, motor, discharge tube, electric heating tube, and temperature control switch. Additionally, a barium meal cup with a rotating disc, duct, stirring thorns, funnel, and suction tube can also be used for radiographic examination of the digestive tract. Furthermore, a stirring barium meal cup with a cup body, cup cap, water refilling hole, plug, stirring rod, and stirring head is another option for stirring barium meal and preventing splashing. These devices and techniques provide convenience, efficiency, and improved examination quality for barium meal procedures.
Technique for barium meal?3 answersA modified form of barium meal examination is described using a small quantity of barium and introducing gas into the stomach to produce double contrast mucosal films of the whole of the stomach. A barium meal stirrer is proposed, which includes a modulating cylinder with a feeding hole and a cover cap, a motor with a stirrer, a discharge tube, an electric heating tube, and a temperature sensor. A stirring barium meal cup is designed with a water refilling hole, a plug, a stirring rod, and a stirring head to prevent splashing and increase examination quality. The introduction of air or gas to the stomach and duodenum is important, and various methods have been used, including intubation, drinking tonic water, and swallowing effervescent tablets or powder. The double contrast barium meal (DCBM) has an accuracy comparable to that of endoscopy and can prevent unnecessary further investigations.