What is the recent challenges in renal tumours pathology?4 answersThe recent challenges in renal tumours pathology include the increasing complexity of classification due to the inclusion of new subtypes and entities, as well as the difficulty in distinguishing between overlapping variants. Immunohistochemistry and genetic studies are being used to aid in the diagnosis of confusing cases and to better classify different variants of renal cell carcinomas (RCCs). There is also a need for additional immunohistochemical and molecular tests to facilitate tumour typing, especially for poorly differentiated metastatic tumours and oncocytic tumours. Interobserver agreement in pathologic staging of renal cancer is relatively good among urologic pathologists, but disagreements still exist, particularly for tumors with small, finger-like protrusions. Mass spectrometry imaging and microproteomics profiling are emerging technologies that show promise in automated tumor classification of renal cancer types, providing a complementary approach to current pathological technologies.
Can radiomics be used to classify breast lesions as benign or malignant?4 answersRadiomics features extracted from breast lesions have shown promise in classifying them as benign or malignant. Variability and robustness of radiomics features were investigated in mammography (MG) images, and it was found that certain features have higher discriminative power and lower dependency on segmentation, making them suitable for automated classification algorithms. A comparison of three radiomics software tools on breast cancer data demonstrated their effectiveness in classifying lesions, with F1-scores exceeding 85%. A radiomics model developed using features extracted from intra- and peri-tumoral regions in dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI showed potential in distinguishing benign from malignant breast lesions, reducing unnecessary biopsies. A comprehensive machine learning tool combining handcrafted radiomics and deep learning models achieved good diagnostic performance in identifying, segmenting, and classifying breast lesions on contrast-enhanced mammography images. Radiomics-based and CNN-based classification models using multi-contrast MRI data showed promising results in classifying breast lesions based on estrogen response and histological subtypes.
What are the clinical features of malignant and benign tumors?5 answersBenign tumors are characterized by their lack of invasion into surrounding tissues and absence of metastasis. They tend to grow slowly and have distinct borders. However, they can cause complications if they become large and compress nearby structures. Common examples include fibroids in the uterus and lipomas in the skin. On the other hand, malignant tumors have the ability to invade and destroy surrounding tissues and can metastasize to distant sites. They tend to grow at a faster rate and have the potential to infiltrate nearby structures. Clinical features of malignant tumors can include a palpable lump/mass, epiphora (excessive tearing), and in the case of lacrimal sac tumors, a mass extending above the medial canthal tendon. Timely diagnosis and intervention for malignant tumors are important due to their infiltrating nature and poor outcomes.
What are the difference betwenn benign and malignant tumor?5 answersBenign tumors are slow-growing and have clear boundaries, while malignant tumors are cancerous and have the ability to invade nearby tissue and spread throughout the body. Benign tumors do not metastasize and remain localized to the area where they originated, whereas malignant tumors can metastasize to other parts of the brain or spinal cord. In terms of appearance, benign tumors have solid boundaries, while malignant tumors have faded boundaries. Both benign and malignant tumors can be life-threatening and result in serious dysfunction of the brain. The optimal treatment of brain tumors depends on their early detection and classification.
What are the differences between benign and malignant tumors?5 answersBenign tumors are slow-growing with clear boundaries and do not spread to other parts of the body. They are considered non-cancerous and less dangerous. On the other hand, malignant tumors are cancerous and have the ability to invade nearby normal tissue and spread throughout the body via the circulatory or lymphatic system. They grow rapidly and can metastasize to other regions of the brain or spinal cord. Malignant tumors are highly dangerous and can result in serious dysfunction of the brain. The boundaries of malignant tumors are not solid in appearance and they appear faded. Benign tumors have solid boundaries or contouring that indicates the particular shade of the tumor. The distinction between benign and malignant tumors is important for determining the optimal treatment and prognosis of brain tumors.
How is a benign tumor diagnosed?5 answersA benign tumor is diagnosed through a combination of imaging procedures and, in some cases, a transcutaneous biopsy. Imaging procedures are used to differentiate between benign and malignant tumors, with specific imaging findings often sufficient for diagnosing most benign tumors. However, some benign tumors may have atypical imaging features, making diagnosis challenging. In cases of diagnostic uncertainty, a transcutaneous liver biopsy can provide clarification. The biopsy involves taking a sample of the tumor tissue for pathological analysis, which is the major method for diagnosing cancer malignancy. The analysis is based on specific features of malignant tissues, such as metastatic cancer cells. However, the traditional diagnosis process can be time-consuming and reliant on expert interpretation. To improve efficiency and accuracy, a novel workflow integrating in vitro primary cancer cell culture and machine learning algorithms has been proposed.