What are the common techniques used by criminal profiling experts to identify suspects?5 answersCriminal profiling experts employ a variety of techniques to identify suspects, drawing from a broad spectrum of disciplines and methodologies. One foundational approach is the diagnostic evaluation, which assesses behavioral evidence to infer the characteristics of suspects. This is complemented by both deductive and inductive methods; the former relies on logical reasoning from specific evidence to general conclusions, while the latter uses statistical data and patterns to predict offender traits. The geographical focus is another critical technique, analyzing the locations related to crimes to infer the suspect's operational base or residence.
Behavioral Investigative Advice (BIA) represents a more integrated approach, combining elements of previous methodologies to offer strategic guidance during investigations. This is closely related to the Crime Scene Analysis, notably the "FBI Method," which is a systematic examination of crime scenes to develop an initial criminal profile, particularly in homicide cases. The evolution of technology has also introduced new methods, such as analyzing social network messages through text mining for named entity recognition, which identifies potential suspects based on the content of their communications.
Investigative psychology, as part of the broader profiling process, includes the use of geographic profiling software and specialist units to scientifically and robustly approach suspect identification. Additionally, the least effort principle suggests that offenders will opt for actions requiring the least effort, guiding profilers in understanding criminal behavior and decision-making. In the digital realm, online identity software-based solutions focus on the cognitive/behavioral aspects of individuals attempting unauthorized access to computer systems, identifying unique cognitive/behavioral biometric fingerprints.
These techniques, while diverse, share the common goal of narrowing down suspect pools and assisting in the identification and apprehension of offenders, leveraging both traditional investigative methods and modern technological tools.
What are the most commonly used techniques for profiling cyber threat actors?5 answersThe most commonly used techniques for profiling cyber threat actors include correlation techniques like Pearson and Spearman analysis, formal two-level attacker models with high-level and low-level attributes, machine learning and data-mining methods such as classification algorithms like Naïve-Bayes, and the analysis of Indicators of Compromise (IOC) to identify attack patterns and tactics used by adversaries. Additionally, leveraging Adversarial Tactics, Techniques and Common Knowledge (ATT&CK) descriptions along with Graph Convolutional Networks (GCN) and Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transformers (BERT) pretraining models can aid in extracting attack behaviors and profiling advanced threat actors with high accuracy. These diverse approaches collectively contribute to a comprehensive understanding of cyber threat actors and their behaviors.
What are the key factors that influence the effectiveness of suspect profiling techniques for identifying people, packages, and vehicles?10 answersThe effectiveness of suspect profiling techniques in identifying people, packages, and vehicles is influenced by several key factors, as evidenced by recent research. One primary factor is the ability to detect trace elements or compounds indicative of human presence, as demonstrated by the development of a prototype device for detecting hidden humans through volatile organic compounds emissions. The accuracy of professional profilers, particularly in constructing profiles of serial arsonists, suggests that a capacity for objective and logical analysis significantly enhances profiling effectiveness. However, the phenomenon of false recognition in criminal profiling indicates that reliance on memory can lead to inaccuracies, emphasizing the importance of evidence-based approaches.
Investigative success in volume crime cases also highlights the role of tangible evidence, such as forensic materials and eyewitness accounts, in increasing the likelihood of detection. The debate around offender profiling's reliance on demographic and behavioral correlates points to the potential biases that can undermine its effectiveness, especially when past experiences inform profiling practices. Racial profiling, for instance, has been shown to exacerbate disparities and may not effectively align with actual criminality rates, questioning its efficiency and ethical implications.
The suggestiveness of identification procedures, such as showups, and their impact on false identifications further complicate the profiling landscape, suggesting that the context and method of identification significantly influence outcomes. Legal and ethical considerations surrounding the development and application of criminal profiles, especially in drug courier profiling, underscore the importance of constitutionality and reliability in these techniques. Surprisingly, non-traditional groups like chemistry students have outperformed experienced investigators in profiling accuracy, suggesting that investigative experience might not always correlate with effective profiling. Lastly, the role of forensic psychology in narrowing down suspects and providing insights into criminal behavior highlights the multidisciplinary nature of effective profiling strategies. Together, these factors underscore the complexity and multifaceted requirements for successful suspect profiling.
What are the most common methods used for falsifying identity documents?5 answersThe most common methods used for falsifying identity documents include techniques such as modifying authorized documents, copying them, and utilizing advanced tools like personal computers, scanners, and color printers to create fake identities. Another method involves manufacturing identity documents with secret storage units, calculation units, and built-in algorithms to prevent counterfeiting. Additionally, producing identity documents with three-dimensional security elements that allow for authenticity checks is a prevalent method in document falsification. Steganography, which involves embedding data into digital media like images, is also utilized for concealing information within identity documents to verify the subject's identity and the document's authenticity. Moreover, using hidden prints with invisible ink that absorb specific electromagnetic radiation to reveal signs is another common method for falsifying identity documents.
What are some common techniques used in anomaly detection for cybersecurity applications?4 answersCommon techniques used in anomaly detection for cybersecurity applications include machine learning and deep learning methods, isolation forests, and unsupervised learning-based approaches like kernelized autoencoders. Machine learning algorithms such as Random Forest, GaussianNB, and multilayer perceptron have been employed to classify streamed data and identify anomalous components effectively. Isolation forests, based on decision trees, are utilized to isolate outliers in data and detect anomalies, particularly in scenarios like credit card fraud detection. Additionally, unsupervised learning-based anomaly detection methods in latent space, like kernelized autoencoders, leverage robust distance measures to effectively detect both near and far anomalies by preserving useful correlation information from the original data space in the latent space.
What are the most common techniques used by scammers to deceive victims online?5 answersThe most common techniques used by scammers to deceive victims online include phishing via fake emails, advance fee fraud (AFF) scamming through social engineering tactics, and the exploitation of vulnerable individuals on dating sites and through unsolicited e-messages. Phishing involves posing as trustworthy entities to extract personal information, while AFF scamming relies on deceiving individuals into making advance payments. Scammers also employ linguopsychological devices like persuasion, flattery, and appeals to trust to lure victims into fraudulent scenarios. Remote access apps like Anydesk and TeamViewer are utilized for executing malicious activities without the victim's knowledge, contributing to cyber fraud during lockdown periods. These varied techniques highlight the diverse strategies scammers employ to exploit individuals online.