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What are the common challenges and limitations in the interpretation of tumor immunohistochemistry results?

Quality assurance

Myoepithelial cell

Lobular carcinoma

Breast carcinoma

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The interpretation of tumor immunohistochemistry (IHC) results faces several challenges and limitations. One common challenge is the reliance on manual interpretation, which is subjective and can lead to variability in results . Another challenge is the interpretation of uncommon scenarios, such as differentiating between benign proliferation and in situ carcinoma from invasive carcinoma, or differentiating lobular from ductal carcinoma . Technical errors and suboptimal staining results can also affect the interpretation of IHC assays, leading to incorrect diagnoses and treatment decisions . In addition, the fixation and processing protocol of cell-block sections should be similar to that of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections to ensure accurate immunoreactivity patterns . Finally, rapid and superficial evaluation of immunostaining, as well as poor interpretive knowledge, can contribute to interpretative errors in immunocytochemical reactions .

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Book Chapter•DOI Pitfalls in Immunocytochemistry Eugenio Leonardo, Ricardo H. Bardales - Show less +1 more 01 Jan 2020	The provided paper is about pitfalls in immunocytochemistry, not tumor immunohistochemistry. Therefore, the paper does not provide information on the common challenges and limitations in the interpretation of tumor immunohistochemistry results.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI Cell-blocks and immunohistochemistry. Vinod B. Shidham, Lester J. Layfield - Show less +1 more 30 Jan 2021-CytoJournal 6 Citations	The paper does not specifically mention the common challenges and limitations in the interpretation of tumor immunohistochemistry results.
Journal Article•DOI A Commentary: Quality Assurance in Immunohistochemistry. Mogens Vyberg 01 May 2019-Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology 2 Citations	The paper does not specifically mention the common challenges and limitations in the interpretation of tumor immunohistochemistry results.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI Avoiding “False Positive” and “False Negative” Immunohistochemical Results in Breast Pathology Zaibo Li, David J. Dabbs - Show less +1 more 04 Mar 2022-Pathobiology 4 Citations	The paper does not specifically mention the common challenges and limitations in the interpretation of tumor immunohistochemistry results.

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How does the use of cryobiopsy in immunohistochemistry (IHC) impact the accuracy and reliability of tissue diagnosis?5 answersThe use of cryobiopsy in immunohistochemistry (IHC) has been shown to have a minimal impact on the accuracy and reliability of tissue diagnosis. Studies have demonstrated high concordance rates between cryobiopsy and conventional sampling methods in terms of detecting protein expression and tumor markers. Cryobiopsy specimens have been found to be ideal for precision medicine and translational research, as freezing and thawing associated with cryobiopsy did not significantly affect the results of IHC assessments. Additionally, rapid intraoperative immunohistochemistry has been highlighted as a valuable tool for improving diagnostic accuracy in controversial cases, reducing rates of deferred diagnoses, and allowing for quick intraoperative pathologic diagnosis. Overall, the evidence suggests that cryobiopsy can provide high-quality tissue samples for accurate IHC analysis in tissue diagnosis.

How tissue is prepared using immunohistochemistry?5 answersTissue preparation for immunohistochemistry (IHC) involves fixation and processing. Fixation stabilizes cells and tissues, preserves morphology, and optimizes macromolecules for analysis. Formaldehyde is commonly used for fixation, creating cross-links that anchor tissue molecules in place. Tissue processing involves preparing fixed tissues for histopathological staining and observation. Most commonly, tissues are embedded in paraffin wax after fixation. Paraffin-embedded tissue fragment suspension (PETFS) is a novel method for quality control preparation in liquid form. PETFS controls are cut from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks and can be stored easily. Tissue sections from IHC specimens can be used for proteomic studies. A workflow for protein profiling of IHC specimens includes sample preparation, protein extraction and digestion, mass spectrometry measurement, and data analysis. Free-floating IHC protocols with paraffin-embedded tissue have been developed, allowing for localization of protein expression and localization in various tissues.

What is immunohistochemistry and what are the protocols involved?5 answersImmunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique used to determine the localization of proteins in a cell or tissue sample. It involves the use of antibodies as probes. The protocol for IHC includes several steps, which can be optimized to obtain accurate results. These steps include sample preparation, such as fixing the tissue or using fresh, unfixed, frozen tissue specimens or unfixed cells. Antigen retrieval may be necessary for antigens that are sensitive to fixative. Multiple antigens can be detected simultaneously by careful selection of reagents. Background staining can be a concern, but there are ways to eliminate it. Overall, IHC is a valuable technique for studying protein localization in various tissue and cell preparations, and understanding the protocols involved can help researchers optimize their experiments.

What is immunohistochemisty testing?4 answersImmunohistochemistry is a laboratory technique used to visualize and measure proteins in cells and tissues. It is commonly used in research, pathology, and diagnostics. By labeling proteins with specific antibodies and using detection methods, immunohistochemistry allows scientists and pathologists to study the expression and localization of proteins in different cell compartments. This technique is particularly useful in identifying subsets within neoplastic tissue, aiding in the diagnosis and evaluation of disease mechanisms. Immunohistochemistry can also be used to detect extracellular, membrane, and cytoplasmic antigens in various tissue types and species. Recent advancements in immunohistochemistry have led to improved sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility, allowing for the development of multiplex assays and mutation-specific antibody detection, which have enhanced the diagnostic utility of immunohistochemistry in clinical settings.

Is immunohistochemistry staining useful for predicting hepatocellular carcinoma prognosis?5 answersImmunohistochemistry staining is useful for predicting the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Various immunohistochemical markers have been identified for HCC, including programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), hepatocyte paraffin antigen 1, CD34, Ki-67, and cytokeratin-19. These markers can help in categorizing patients into low- and high-risk recurrence groups and predicting recurrence-free survival (RFS). Immunohistochemistry staining can also aid in the differential diagnosis of liver tumors, such as hepatocellular adenoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Additionally, immunohistochemistry staining can provide information about the genetic alterations and molecular pathology of liver tumors, which can further contribute to prognosis prediction. Therefore, immunohistochemistry staining is a valuable tool for assessing the prognosis of HCC and guiding treatment decisions.

What are the challenges and limitations of interpretation of laboratory results?5 answersThe challenges and limitations of interpreting laboratory results include confusion and challenges faced by patients when reviewing their test results. Genetic testing results are subject to error and can be misinterpreted, leading to potential pitfalls and challenges. Technical sources of implausible results in laboratory testing can be difficult to detect, posing a challenge for physicians. Proper sampling techniques and interpretation of laboratory results are crucial for evidence-based decision-making in the use of antimicrobials for treatment. Pitfalls encountered during the laboratory testing process can lead to misleading results and endanger patient health and safety.

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