What is the role of paramilitary in advocating labor?5 answersParamilitaries play a role in advocating labor by broadening their constituencies, legitimizing their activity, and networking with clientelistic actors from a position of force. They are able to influence interstate relations and positions of states, serving as an extended arm of intelligence services. Paramilitary formations perform dirty and illegal jobs for the state and its elite, without fearing international justice and retaliation. They directly serve the government in waging a Special War to achieve desired goals, such as gaining resources, in an unjust and illegal manner. However, the papers do not specifically discuss the role of paramilitaries in advocating labor or their alignment with labor ideas.
How militias are an obstacle to Iraqi democracy?4 answersMilitias in Iraq have been identified as an obstacle to democracy due to their negative role in the democratic transition process. These armed groups, such as the Peshmerga and Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF), have been found to have a detrimental impact on human rights, national goals, and corruption in Iraq. The failure to effectively demobilize or disarm these militias has allowed them to infiltrate Iraqi security institutions, leading to heightened civil conflict. Additionally, the rise of armed groups and militias, fueled by terrorist threats and outside support, has further hindered the establishment of stable democratic institutions in post-2003 Iraq. The support and political power wielded by these militias, coupled with their ability to provide unofficial security using illegal methods, weaken government influence and hinder the growth of democracy.
How has the government's relationship with the militia evolved over time in Iraq?4 answersThe government's relationship with militias in Iraq has evolved over time. Initially, both the United States and the Iraqi government used paramilitary groups such as the Sons of Iraq and the Kurdish Peshmerga to bring security to the country. However, after the withdrawal of US troops, the government has become increasingly dependent on Shia militias. This shift defies a simple sectarian logic and highlights the complexities of government-militia relations. The choice of governance strategy vis-à-vis militias in Iraq has changed over time, reflecting insights into the governor's dilemma, counterinsurgency strategy, and state formation.
What are the most recent works on armed group mobilisation?5 answersRecent works on armed group mobilization include studies on the variation within micromobilization that leads to armed groups, with three general paths identified: the ideological path, the instrumental path, and the solidaristic path. Other studies have focused on evaluating the conditions under which non-state armed groups can defeat stronger adversaries, highlighting the use of indirect and opposite strategies. Additionally, research has emphasized the importance of understanding the timing and nature of participation in armed groups, including the role differentiation within militant organizations and the structures and processes that produce discrete categories of fighters, soldiers, and staff. These studies highlight the complex interactions between individual motivations, recruitment networks, and the effects of repression on individuals in the mobilization of armed groups.
What are some of the criticisms of the arm control and disarmament?3 answersArms control and disarmament have faced several criticisms. The early literature on common security viewed arms control as a tool of superpower competition and a way to deflect calls for disarmament, rather than a genuine effort to reduce weaponry. The dominant discourse on arms control and disarmament dismisses disarmament as an idea while coopting existing disarmament into a perspective that imagines a world long on dangers and short on peaceful strategies. Attempts to steer armaments through arms control have often enhanced postures of peace through strength and exacerbated the arms race. Pessimism exists about the chances of success for arms control proposals, as disarmament cannot stand as an independent goal and must be accompanied by efforts to relax political tensions. Stability in the nuclear relationship between major powers can only be achieved through disarmament, as long as the pursuit of unilateral advantage drives the rearmament process.
What are up-to-date research issues related to the clash of civilizations?3 answersResearch issues related to the clash of civilizations include analyzing the cultural and institutional differences between civilizations and how countries can be grouped into civilizations. Another issue is understanding the impact of civilizations on interstate conflicts, both before and after the Cold War, and the role of language in these conflicts. Additionally, there is a need to explore the long-term determinants of civilizational differences, with language being identified as a significant explanatory factor. The concept of civilizations itself is a topic of investigation, including their cultural identities, value systems, and right to self-determination. Furthermore, it is important to assess whether armed conflicts in the post-Cold War period reflect a clash of civilizations and whether the CoC thesis can be used as a basis for foreign policies. These research issues contribute to the ongoing discussion on the clash of civilizations and its implications for world peace and international order.