What are the most effective methods for preventing the spread of infectious diseases in fish populations?5 answersThe most effective methods for preventing the spread of infectious diseases in fish populations include implementing biosecurity measures, utilizing antimicrobial products, employing good husbandry practices, and developing rapid diagnostic tools. Biosecurity measures involve practices like quarantine, water sterilization, and stress reduction to minimize disease transmission. Antimicrobial products play a crucial role in controlling pathogens, although antimicrobial resistance poses a significant challenge. Good husbandry practices, such as stress management, proper diet, and optimal environment, contribute to disease prevention. Rapid and reliable diagnostics are essential for timely disease management, with molecular tools like PCR and serological tests proving valuable for accurate pathogen detection. Additionally, polyculture, which involves growing multiple fish species together, can act as a biological buffer against contagious diseases in aquaculture systems.
What are the current antimicrobial strategies used in disease control for Salmon aquaculture?4 answersCurrent antimicrobial strategies used in disease control for Salmon aquaculture include the utilization of antimicrobial products such as biocides and therapeutics, comprehensive protocols like biosecurity and disease response, and good husbandry strategies including stress management and proper diet. However, the injudicious use of antimicrobial agents poses a threat due to the rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in aquaculture, leading to difficulties in treating bacterial diseases and antibiotic residues in food fish. To address this, alternative strategies like vaccination, bacteriophages, probiotics, and medicinal plant derivatives are being considered to reduce AMR and enhance disease prevention in aquaculture. Additionally, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing with antimicrobial peptide genes has shown promise in enhancing disease resistance in fish by modulating the innate immune system. Aquatic vaccines are also highlighted as safe and effective tools for disease prevention in aquaculture, preserving industry health and sustainability.
What are the strategies to mitigate membrane fouling, especially for anionic membranes?4 answersStrategies to mitigate membrane fouling, especially for anionic membranes, include the use of anti-adhesion coatings and nanomaterials. Nanomaterials have shown effectiveness in reducing fouling. Additionally, the use of electrorepulsion and quaternary ammonium (QA) inactivation has been investigated to maintain antibacterial activity against biofouling. The electrokinetic force between negatively charged bacteria and an electrically conductive membrane prevents bacterial cells from reaching the membrane surface. Furthermore, cathodic eQAM accelerates the detachment of cells from the membrane surface, particularly for dead cells. It has been observed that electrorepulsion contributes to cell detachment, while QA inactivation minimizes cell adhesion capacity. Anodic oxidation coupled with electrodialysis has also been shown to reduce fouling of anion exchange membranes. Increasing the current density of anodic oxidation improves membrane efficiency and mineralization.
What are the most effective ways to control bloodstream pathogens?3 answersThe most effective ways to control bloodstream pathogens include targeted microbiological monitoring, molecular tests for rapid identification, and precise tracking of the source of infections. Microbiological monitoring plays a crucial role in identifying pathogens, determining their resistance to antimicrobial agents, and developing strategies for combating them. Molecular tests, such as the Luminex® VERIGENE® Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Blood Culture Tests, provide rapid and accurate identification of common pathogens and associated genetic determinants of antibiotic resistance, enabling timely implementation of appropriate antibiotic therapy. Additionally, the use of bioinformatic tools, like StrainSifter, can help match bloodstream pathogens to their precise source, facilitating more accurate tracking and prevention of hospital-acquired infections. These approaches, combined with computational forecasting and regulation, can optimize control strategies based on mutation rate, population size, and other fitness parameters of the pathogens. Overall, a comprehensive approach that integrates monitoring, molecular testing, and source identification is essential for effective control of bloodstream pathogens.
What's the strategies of one health to address of antibiotic resistance in the marine environment?5 answersOne Health strategies to address antibiotic resistance in the marine environment involve implementing national strategies in compliance with international standards, prudent antimicrobial use in marine salmon farms, and investment towards a One Health approach that combines human, animal, and environmental health. The prevention and control strategy of antibiotic resistance requires multi-disciplinary linkage and cooperation, involving clinical medicine, ecology, agriculture, pharmacy, environmental science and engineering, education, and more. Key emission sources such as antibiotic manufacturing factories, livestock farms, aquaculture farms, slaughterhouses, hospitals, and municipal wastewater treatment plants need to be targeted for prevention and control measures to reduce and ultimately stop the emissions of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes. Wastewater treatment and aquaculture activities play a significant role in antibiotic pollution and the development and spread of antibiotic resistance, highlighting the importance of addressing these areas. The use of sea turtles as sentinel species for monitoring antibiotic resistance in marine environments can provide valuable insights into the global occurrence and prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The marine environment is a promising source of new compounds with antibiotic effects, which can contribute to understanding the origin and dynamics of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial communities.
What is vibrio parahaemolyticus?5 answersVibrio parahaemolyticus is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes human gastroenteritis worldwide. It is commonly found in marine environments and is primarily transmitted through the consumption of contaminated seafood. V. parahaemolyticus has a wide range of virulence factors that contribute to its pathogenicity, including hemolysins, adhesions, and type III secretion systems. The bacterium colonizes the human host and causes disease through mechanisms that are not yet fully understood, necessitating further research. In addition to gastroenteritis, V. parahaemolyticus can also cause wound infections, ear infections, and septicaemia in individuals with pre-existing medical conditions. To ensure the safety of seafood and minimize the risk of V. parahaemolyticus infection, collaboration between governments and scientists is necessary.