How does immigrant population differentiated in bullying studies?4 answersImmigrant populations are often highlighted in bullying studies due to their unique experiences. Research indicates that immigrant youth face increased exposure to school bullying, including discrimination and harassment, possibly due to perceptions of low academic ability and fear of safety. Studies show that immigrant parents, compared to non-immigrant parents, are more satisfied with schools but face challenges in relations with other parents, emphasizing vulnerability and ethnicity-based bullying as crucial areas for attention. Additionally, very-low-income immigrant adolescents are at a higher risk of victimization, with peer friendship acting as a protective factor against bullying, especially for natives, while peer acceptance may pose a risk, particularly for bullying in natives. Furthermore, migrant children exhibit a higher prevalence of school bullying, with factors like gender, grade, violent game exposure, social connections, and parental abuse influencing their involvement in bullying. Anti-immigrant prejudices play a significant role in racial bullying, highlighting the need to address prejudice in interventions.
What are the legal definitions and classifications of bullying in different countries?5 answersBullying is defined and classified differently across various countries. In European states, bullying legislation varies, with criminal liability not specifically for bullying but for related offenses like stalking, harassment, and hate crimes. Workplace bullying, a form of aggression, occurs globally, leading to legal dilemmas and health issues. Countries like the UK, Canada, Australia, and the USA have laws addressing workplace bullying, treating it as a dignity violation, harassment, or health and safety concern. Workplace bullying is often described as persistent mistreatment with a power imbalance, encompassing behaviors like verbal abuse, intimidation, and sabotage. Cyberbullying, a modern challenge, adds complexity to the legal framework, necessitating continuous adaptation of laws to combat this detrimental phenomenon.
How to compute severity index?4 answersTo compute a severity index, different methodologies and scales are used depending on the context. In the context of existing buildings, a methodology based on a distribution of values and a single scalar is proposed to calculate the severity index of damages in buildings. This methodology is easy to use and flexible. In the context of disease outbreaks, a severity index is created using metrics related to case morbidity/mortality, outbreak duration, and their ratios. The index scores are generated by averaging complete metrics per outbreak, allowing for the comparison of outbreak severity. In the context of voltage stability, a three-layer voltage stability index is computed using time-series obtained from dynamic simulations. The index provides information about violations of power and voltage limits in a system. In the context of plant diseases, a disease severity index (DSI) is calculated using an ordinal scale based on the percent area with symptoms. The DSI estimates the severity of the disease and can be influenced by the method used for calculation and the nature of the ordinal scale. In the context of humanitarian crises, the INFORM Severity Index is used to estimate the severity of a crisis based on publicly available indicators. The index is refined using factor analysis to better quantify crisis severity.
What are the types of bullying?5 answersBullying can take various forms, including physical, verbal, relational, and cyber bullying. Physical bullying involves acts such as hitting, pushing, or tripping someone. Verbal bullying includes mocking, name-calling, and making fun of someone's physical appearance or weaknesses. Relational bullying involves actions that aim to harm someone's social relationships, such as spreading rumors or excluding them from social groups. Cyber bullying occurs through electronic means, such as sending hurtful messages or spreading rumors online. These different types of bullying can have negative impacts on the victims, leading to mental, emotional, and physical consequences. It is important to address and prevent all forms of bullying to create a safe and supportive environment for children and adolescents.
What are the most effective ways to classify attacks in critical infrastructure?5 answersOne of the most effective ways to classify attacks in critical infrastructure is through the use of machine learning techniques, specifically deep learning-based methods. These methods involve constructing new representations and modeling the system behavior using multilayer autoencoders. By capturing the physical relationships among the measurements, these representations have more discriminant power in distinguishing the location of the attack. Additionally, combining deep learning with other techniques such as genetic algorithms for optimal feature selection can further improve the accuracy of intrusion detection systems. These methods have been shown to outperform conventional machine learning models in various cyber-attack scenarios.
What are the types of bullying ?3 answersBullying can take various forms, including physical, verbal, relational, and cyberbullying. Physical bullying involves assault, property destruction, and physical harm. Verbal bullying includes hurtful or demeaning speech, threats, and mocking. Relational bullying focuses on undermining reputation or relationships. Cyberbullying involves the use of technology or the internet to intimidate or harm others. These different types of bullying can have lasting consequences for both victims and perpetrators.