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What are the effects of methamphetamine use on working memory?

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

Excitatory postsynaptic potential

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Chronic methamphetamine (METH) use is associated with cognitive deficits and alterations in working memory. METH use disorder (MUD) patients in early abstinence show cognitive difficulties, particularly in executive functions, which may be related to disruptions in neural functioning . Repeated METH administration in rats produces deficits in working memory and increases inhibitory synaptic transmission in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) . Intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) improves working memory performance in individuals with MUD . Abstinent ex-methamphetamine users show increased reaction times during low working memory load, suggesting that increasing working memory load may buffer against attentional capture by drug-related stimuli . Chronic METH exposure increases PFC inhibitory tone through D1 dopamine signaling-dependent potentiation of inhibitory synaptic transmission, and reducing the activity of parvalbumin-positive interneurons can rescue METH-induced cognitive deficits . High levels of cortisol, observed in chronic methamphetamine users, may be associated with cognitive impairments .

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Open access•DOI The relationship of plasma cortisol level with processing speed and working memory in methamphetamine users Bijan Pirnia, Kambiz Pirnia, Ali Reza Pirkhaefi, Parastoo Malekanmehr, Alireza Zahiroddin - Show less +4 more 23 Apr 2019	The effects of methamphetamine use on working memory are significantly lower scores compared to non-users, according to the ANOVA analysis in the provided paper.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI Bias Toward Drug-Related Stimuli Is Affected by Loading Working Memory in Abstinent Ex-Methamphetamine Users Zoha Deldar, Hamed Ekhtiari, Hamed Ekhtiari, Hamidreza Pouretemad, Ali Khatibi, Ali Khatibi - Show less +5 more 22 Oct 2019-Frontiers in Psychiatry 3 Citations	The paper states that there are contradictory findings regarding the effect of methamphetamine on working memory performance. Some studies have shown cognitive deficits in methamphetamine users, including verbal memory and executive function. However, the specific effects of methamphetamine on working memory are not explicitly mentioned in the paper.
Open access•Posted Content•DOI Chronic methamphetamine administration produces cognitive deficits through augmentation of GABAergic synaptic transmission in the prefrontal cortex Aliyev Axror Anvarjon õģli 02 Mar 2022	The effects of chronic methamphetamine use on working memory include deficits in working memory.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI Reduced neural functional connectivity during working memory performance in methamphetamine use disorder. Liam J Nestor, Dara G. Ghahremani, Edythe D. London - Show less +2 more 04 Jan 2023-Drug and alcohol dependence 1 Citations	The paper states that individuals with Methamphetamine Use Disorder (MUD) in early abstinence have worse task performance on a working memory task, but no differences in task-related brain activation compared to a healthy control group.

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What are the effects of methamphetamine on the cardiovascular system?4 answersMethamphetamine use has been associated with cardiovascular dysfunction, including hypertension, vasospasm, left ventricular hypertrophy, and coronary artery disease. It has been found to decrease cardiovascular function through the cystathionine gamma lyase (CSE), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), nitric oxide (NO) dependent pathway, leading to endothelial dysfunction, reduced flow-mediated vasodilation, and decreased cardiac ejection fraction and fractional shortening. Methamphetamine use is also associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), including heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. Risk factors for CVD among methamphetamine users include male sex, chronic kidney disease, and hypertension. Methamphetamine use has a similar magnitude of risk for CVD compared to alcohol and cocaine use. Additionally, methamphetamine use can induce cardiac morphological and electrical remodeling, leading to arrhythmias and the development of cardiovascular diseases.

What is the effect of heating methamphetamine?5 answersHeating methamphetamine increases its self-administration in rats, indicating that high ambient temperatures enhance the motivation to obtain the drug. Methamphetamine also affects seizure threshold and facilitates epileptogenesis through its modulation of monoamine systems. It alters seizure threshold in a model-specific manner and interacts with dopaminergic receptors to modulate seizure threshold. Methamphetamine also facilitates epileptogenesis by enhancing the amygdala kindling acquisition rate and depleting serotonin and dopamine levels in the brain. Additionally, methamphetamine causes physical and mental stimulation, increased heart rate and blood pressure, respiratory problems, irregular heartbeat, extreme anorexia, and can lead to accidents and antisocial behavior. Extended abstinence from methamphetamine allows for some recovery from its deficits in dopamine function, but long-lasting and even permanent brain changes may result from its abuse.

Does frequent methamphetamine use have no effect on serum serotonin levels?4 answersFrequent methamphetamine use does not appear to have a significant effect on serum serotonin levels. One study found that eight weeks of aerobic training increased blood levels of serotonin in addicted men to methamphetamine, suggesting that exercise can impact serotonin levels and reduce depression. Another study showed that aerobic combined with resistance exercise for eight weeks altered peripheral blood serotonin levels in methamphetamine withdrawal patients, improving cue-induced craving and impulse. However, a study on mice lacking the 5-HT1A receptor found that chronic methamphetamine treatment did not affect the receptor's role in methamphetamine-induced psychosis, suggesting that serotonin receptors may not be involved in the effects of methamphetamine on psychosis. Additionally, a study on ecstasy users found that their sleep patterns, which are influenced by serotonergic function, were not significantly different from controls, indicating that ecstasy use may not cause significant serotonergic damage. Overall, the available evidence suggests that frequent methamphetamine use may not have a major impact on serum serotonin levels.

What is the effect of frequent methamphetamine use on serum serotonin levels?3 answersFrequent methamphetamine use has been shown to have an effect on serum serotonin levels. Methamphetamine use can lead to damage to brain serotonin neurons and a decrease in serotonin transporter (SERT) protein expression. Animal studies have demonstrated that high doses of methamphetamine can damage brain neurons that produce serotonin. Methamphetamine infusion into the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) has been found to increase extracellular serotonin and decrease its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). Additionally, methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity in striatal serotonergic terminals can be attenuated by increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. These findings suggest that frequent methamphetamine use can lead to alterations in serum serotonin levels, potentially contributing to the deleterious effects on brain monoaminergic systems associated with methamphetamine use.

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