What are the historical origins of paper-based analytical devices used in ladder manufacturing?
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The historical origins of paper-based analytical devices (PADs) can be traced back to the seventeenth century when litmus paper, treated with a natural water-soluble dye from lichens, demonstrated the potential of paper as a substrate material in analytical applications . Over the years, PADs have evolved significantly, with recent advancements focusing on electrochemical paper-based analytical devices (ePADs) gaining attention in chemical analysis . These devices offer portability, cost-effectiveness, and simplicity in testing, making them ideal for point-of-need applications related to environmental, health, and food issues . The development of PADs has been driven by the need for rapid and reliable testing methods, with recent innovations combining optical and electrochemical detection systems to enhance sensitivity and selectivity .
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