What are the specific strains of Fusarium fungi known to cause wilt disease in tomatoes?5 answersFusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) and Fusarium solani (FS) are the specific strains of Fusarium fungi known to cause wilt disease in tomatoes.
What is the practical role of plant resistance iducers?5 answersPlant resistance inducers (PRIs) play a practical role in enhancing plant defense against pathogens and viruses. PRIs stimulate the plant's own defense mechanisms, providing a sustainable and environmentally safe approach to disease management. They can be used in combination with other control options such as fungicides, bactericides, and biological control agents, reducing the reliance on synthetic chemicals in agriculture. PRIs have shown effectiveness in laboratory and glasshouse conditions, although their level of protection in the field may not match that of synthetic pesticides. However, there is renewed interest in PRIs due to the need to reduce chemical inputs in agriculture. Integrating PRIs into crop management strategies can help optimize their potential and reduce chemical usage without compromising efficacy. Advances in understanding plant defense mechanisms are guiding the development of more effective PRIs and their integration with conventional and cultural control options.
What is meant by Multiplasm in resistance to plant pathogens?5 answersMultiple disease resistance (MDR) in plants refers to the ability of a plant to resist multiple diseases. It is believed that MDR can be controlled by clusters of R genes that evolve under diversifying selection, dispersed, pathogen-specific genes, or individual genes providing MDR. Plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF) have been shown to interact with plants and induce systemic resistance (ISR) against invading pathogens. These interactions can lead to improved plant growth and resistance to foliar and root pathogens. Induced systemic resistance (ISR) is a general phenomenon observed in plants, where pre-treatment with certain organisms or compounds can activate defense responses and confer resistance against multiple organisms. ISR involves the constitutive accumulation of specific gene products, such as hydrolytic enzymes, prior to pathogen challenge.
What are the mechanisms of antimicrobial drug resistance in plants?5 answersAntimicrobial drug resistance in plants is primarily caused by the repeated and regular use of antibiotics against specific microorganisms, leading to the development of resistance. Plant-derived antimicrobials (PDAs) have been found to effectively treat membrane proteins responsible for antibiotic efflux, and their combination with commercial antibiotics has shown superior antimicrobial activity. Phytochemicals, which are bioactive compounds found in plants, have demonstrated potential antibacterial activities against both sensitive and resistant pathogens through various mechanisms of action. These phytochemicals have also shown synergistic effects when combined with conventional antibiotics. The mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in plants include point mutations, gene exchange mechanisms, and the ability of plants to confer beneficial attributes over microorganisms. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for controlling antimicrobial resistance in plants and developing future therapeutic strategies.
What is genetic manipulation of crop and host plant resistance?5 answersGenetic manipulation of crop and host plant resistance involves the modification of specific genes to enhance the plants' ability to defend against pests and pathogens. This can be achieved through various techniques such as gene editing, gene transformation, and marker-assisted selection. The identification and mutation of plant susceptibility (S) genes targeted by pathogens are crucial for developing resistant crops. Host plant resistance can be based on dominant resistance mediated by R genes or recessive resistance targeting S genes. Biotechnological approaches, including the expression of insecticidal proteins and genome editing, have opened up new possibilities for developing insect-resistant crops. These techniques allow for the alteration of gene expression and the development of transgenic varieties with improved resistance to insect pests. The development of genetically modified insect-resistant crops has shown significant economic benefits by increasing crop yield and reducing pesticide usage. Overall, genetic manipulation plays a vital role in enhancing crop and host plant resistance to biotic stresses.
Do plants have resistance to plant parasitism?5 answersPlants have mechanisms of resistance to plant parasitism. Nonhost resistance (NHR) is an innate immune response that protects most plant species from potential phytopathogens. Plants can also respond to parasitic nematodes by producing hormones, proteins, and compounds that minimize attack and injuries. Additionally, plants can develop resistance to parasitic plants by understanding the molecular resistance mechanisms and breeding efforts. In the case of Cuscuta campestris, some tomato cultivars exhibit resistance by inducing local lignification upon parasite attachment. Furthermore, studies have identified resistant genotypes of M. emarginata to M. enterolobii, which can be used as rootstocks for commercial varieties. These findings highlight the potential for plants to resist and suppress parasitic attacks through various mechanisms, including molecular incompatibility, hormone production, lignification, and genetic resistance.