How does mandatory military service affect social mobility in authoritarian regimes?4 answersMandatory military service in authoritarian regimes can impact social mobility through various mechanisms. Research suggests that conscription can induce loyalty and effort within the civil service, potentially improving system engagement among bureaucrats. Additionally, the military plays a crucial role in power struggles within autocracies, influencing government budget allocations and leader-elite interactions, which in turn affect social mobility. Studies also indicate that military experience can temporarily reduce authoritarianism among draftees, potentially affecting their attitudes towards fellow citizens. Furthermore, the interaction between inequality and military spending in autocratic societies can influence social mobility, with military redistribution potentially favoring poorer citizens but subject to the autocrat's rent-seeking behavior and initial levels of inequality.
What is the Relationship Between Heritage conservation and Mobility?5 answersThe relationship between heritage conservation and mobility is crucial in urban areas undergoing rapid growth. Sustainable urban conservation projects emphasize the significance of mobility infrastructure to preserve historic areas effectively. Mobility changes in cultural sites impact daily lifestyles and architectural integrity, highlighting the need for sustainable urban growth and less polluting transportation options. The impact of mobility on historical structures necessitates urban territorial accessibility analyses to protect cultural goods and enhance community-heritage relationships. Additionally, the evolution of visitor mobility behavior due to online mobile technology influences heritage interpretation and visitor management strategies in UNESCO World Heritage sites. Overall, integrating mobility considerations into heritage conservation efforts is essential for maintaining the integrity and sustainability of historic urban areas.
What role does the state play in displacement?4 answersThe state plays a crucial role in displacement. It has the primary responsibility to protect and assist internally displaced persons (IDPs). However, the state's actions can be contradictory, as it may use coercive capacity against its citizens while also providing concessions to them. The development approach to displacement can help address the needs of refugees, IDPs, and host communities, as well as tackle the underlying aspects of fragility that may have caused the displacement. In practice, state administrations often deny the rights of affected peoples, even when there are laws in place to protect them. The international community also has a role to play in the protection of internally displaced persons, but there is a need to reassess its effectiveness and the challenges faced in responding to humanitarian emergencies.
How did the Salazar regime affect the rights of women in Portugal?4 answersThe Salazar regime in Portugal had a significant impact on the rights of women. Despite the implementation of democracy, gender inequalities persisted in highly qualified professions, hindering women's recognition, merit, and career opportunities. The gender ideology propagated by the dictatorship continued to influence societal attitudes towards gender equality, making it difficult to break the cycle of inequality. Additionally, the regime's repression and censorship affected women's cultural representations, particularly regarding the reality of illegal abortions. However, the transition from dictatorship to democracy did lead to some progress in women's rights. Portugal adopted key gender-rights policies at a faster pace than Spain, which can be attributed to the nature of the revolutionary transition, movement-party alliances, and supranational pressures. Overall, the Salazar regime had a lasting impact on women's rights in Portugal, with both continuities and changes observed during the transition to democracy.
What is Mobility?5 answersMobility is the ability to move around and change positions, such as walking, rising from a chair, and maintaining balance while standing. It is a key determinant of overall health and quality of life, particularly in older individuals with frailty. The term mobility also has different meanings in various science disciplines. In economics, it refers to the ability to improve economic status in relation to income and wealth. In information systems and computer science, it is used for the concept of mobile computing. In logistics, it pertains to the infrastructure for the mobility of people and goods. In engineering, it includes solutions like electric mobility to reduce energy resources and environmental impact. In urban planning, it focuses on optimizing different transportation systems and meeting the diverse needs for mobility. Mobility is crucial for accomplishing goals, completing activities of daily living, and maintaining independence, especially in older adults.
What is the meaning of the international regime?3 answersThe international regime refers to a set of principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures that guide the behavior of states and other actors in a specific area of international relations. It is a framework that structures the expectations and interactions of various actors in order to address common challenges and achieve common goals. The international regime can be formal or informal, and it may involve both binding and non-binding agreements. The norms and principles within the international regime are often based on international law and are aimed at promoting responsible behavior and ensuring stability in areas such as information security. However, the lack of formal consolidation and institutionalization of these norms within international treaties reduces their legitimacy. Despite the existence of a substantial body of measures, such as treaties and soft law instruments, the international regime has not been entirely successful in preventing unsustainable exploitation and damage to marine ecosystems.