AMR in different countries5 answersAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global concern, with varying approaches observed in different countries. European countries exhibit diverse strategies for international coordination in combating AMR, with some emphasizing leading roles. Surveillance systems in Europe monitor antimicrobial usage and AMR, aiding in decision-making for alternatives and training activities. Developed and developing countries differ in their implementation of national action plans to address AMR, highlighting the need for tailored approaches based on epidemiological situations and implementation perspectives. International collaboration is crucial in strengthening AMR surveillance, especially in low-income countries, where resources may be limited. Guidelines aligned with the Global AMR Surveillance System have been developed to facilitate data comparability and inform evidence-based interventions globally.
How to measure internationalization?5 answersMeasuring internationalization in higher education institutions can be done using various approaches and indicators. Existing tools and models have been developed to assess the internationalization process, such as the Brandenburg and Federkeil modeland the Hudzik and Stohl model. These models focus on different dimensions of internationalization, including curriculum enhancement, research dissemination, faculty and staff international experiences, and student intercultural experiences. Additionally, studies have identified common dimensions and components of university internationalization, which can be used as indicators for measurement. Proper management of internationalization requires the use of proper measurement methods, and proposed indicators make use of existing data in a more sophisticated way. The criteria for measuring internationality include publication language, online access, and international publication standards, with variations across geographic zones and fields of knowledge.
What a Different Measures of personality?4 answersDifferent measures of personality include objective self-report measures and projective techniques. Objective self-report measures are designed to identify stable patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving, and are commonly used in diagnosis, treatment, self-understanding, job matching, legal proceedings, and psychological research. Projective techniques, on the other hand, involve presenting ambiguous stimuli to individuals and analyzing their responses to gain insight into their personality. Examples of projective measures include the Rorschach Inkblot Method, Thematic Apperception Test, sentence completion tasks, and figure drawing tasks. These measures challenge individuals to make meaning out of ambiguous stimuli and can provide information about their capacity to maintain coherence under stress. Overall, different measures of personality serve different purposes and can provide valuable insights into an individual's unique characteristics and behaviors.
Can comparing three countries, identify commonalities and differences?2 answersComparing three countries can identify commonalities and differences. In the study by Pick and Sarkar, they compared China, India, Japan, and the United States and found common factors such as urban location, economic prosperity, education, and infrastructure for certain variables related to phone and internet/broadband usage. However, they also identified many unique factors for each country, indicating that intra-national digital divides are distinctive and culturally influenced. Collins and Nissan focused on Africa, Asia, and Latin America/Caribbean and found substantial gaps between these regions in terms of per capita GDP, remittances, openness, capital/labor ratio, and freedom. Franke and Richey highlighted the problem of questionable generalizations from comparing small numbers of countries in international business research and suggested that a minimum of 7-10 countries may support credible international generalizations. Therefore, comparing three countries can reveal both commonalities and differences, depending on the specific variables and contexts being examined.
How to measure?1 answersMeasurement is a fundamental aspect of physics and psychology. In physics, measurements are used to adopt or reject physical theories, and the interaction between the observer and the observed system is crucial. Contextuality plays a role in rendering interactions and measurements empirically tangible, and the collision of different epistemological stances can present challenges in measurement. In psychology, the stability, validity, and content of a measure are important considerations. Stability refers to the consistency of a measure over repetitions, validity relates to whether the measure measures what it purports to measure, and content is determined by the shared conceptual system embedded in a natural language. In statistical work, measurement involves predicting the values of random variables or estimating the parameters of a distribution, particularly in the presence of missing observations. The conditional distribution of latent variables given observed data is often used for measurement.
What are different ways in which personality is measured?5 answersDifferent approaches are used to measure personality. One approach is the trait accuracy approach, where participants discriminate among targets on a given trait, making intertarget comparisons. Another approach is the profile accuracy approach, where participants discriminate between traits for a given target, making intratarget comparisons. These approaches are not conceptually and empirically the same, but represent distinct abilities that rely on different judgment processes. Additionally, different theoretical models have generated different strategies for measuring personality characteristics. For example, humanistically oriented models ask individuals directly about themselves and their goals, while psychodynamically oriented theories propose that people lack insight into their feelings and motives, and their behavior is influenced by processes outside of their awareness. Personality can also be measured using surveys, observer ratings, and field experiments.