What is the size of the milky way?4 answersThe size of the Milky Way is described differently in the abstracts. Licquia and Newman estimate the exponential scale length ($L_d$) of the Milky Way's disk to be around 2.64-2.71 kpc, based on a Bayesian meta-analysis of 29 photometric measurements. Kuperjanov mentions that the Galaxy is about 1 kpc thick and 30-40 kpc wide, with the Sun located approximately 8.5 kpc from the core. Shea discusses the early 20th-century models, with Kapteyn suggesting a diameter of 50-60 thousand light years and Shapley proposing a different model. Schmidt-Kaler and Schlosser present high-resolution ultraviolet photometry, indicating a narrower brightness distribution compared to the visual.
What are the features of a milling tool?3 answersA milling tool typically consists of a shaft portion and a cutting portion. The cutting portion has multiple lands separated by chip flutes, with at least one land having teeth and at least one land having cutting edges arranged in helical segments at different pitch angles. The tool may also have swarf receptacles between the cutting edges to prevent burr formation. Additionally, the milling tool may have angularly spaced cutting edges forming an effective cutting edge, with a recess including a centering region and a driven region. Another type of milling tool includes blades arranged in an offset manner with unequal angle graduation in the circumferential direction. Furthermore, a milling tool may be equipped with various moving mechanisms and a precision detector for improved machining accuracy and efficiency.
What are the barriers to energy-efficient CNC milling?3 answersBarriers to energy-efficient CNC milling include the challenge of assuring the accuracy of energy forecast models. The selection of cutting parameters is crucial for energy optimization, and the axial and radial depth of cut have a significant impact on energy consumption. Achieving energy efficiency in machining processes requires the correct selection of cutting conditions, which can be achieved through online multi-objective optimization techniques. The biggest share of electrical energy demand in machine tools is required for non-cutting operations and bringing the machine to a ready state. Reasonable choice of cutting parameters is essential for energy efficiency in CNC milling, with cutting depth and width being the most influential parameters for specific energy consumption.
What are facts and figures about milling market size and strategies?5 answersThe milling market size and strategies can be evaluated using a decomposed Poisson regression model based on count data. This model allows for the evaluation of the size distribution, the changing number of flour mills for each size class, and the concentration of market power simultaneously. The empirical results indicate that the effects of changing wage rate and corporate bond rate have significant impacts on both the size distribution and the number of flour mills, but in opposite directions. Additionally, the U.S. flour milling industry has been found to have an oligopolistic market structure, as evidenced by the test for price leadership. These findings provide insights into the dynamics of the milling market and can inform strategies for market participants.
What is the correlation between particle size and retention percentage in a milling process?5 answersThe correlation between particle size and retention percentage in a milling process varies depending on the specific material being milled. In the case of WC powders used for cemented carbide cutting tools, a linear relation was observed between log(particle size) and log(milling time). For hair powders, an optimized milling procedure resulted in similar particle size distributions for different types of hair. In the milling process of ceramic materials, the particle size decreased with the process. However, in the milling of soft wheat flour, there was no clear correlation between particle size distribution and percentage of damaged starch. For eggshells, the particle retention percentage decreased with increasing ball milling time.
How small is Saccharomyces cerevisiae?3 answers