What is NMF?5 answersNonnegative Matrix Factorization (NMF) is a machine learning algorithm that is used to extract meaningful features from datasets. It is particularly effective in dealing with noisy data and improving the efficiency of machine learning tasks. NMF can be applied to various domains, including social management systems and neuroimaging. In complex social management systems, NMF can be used to extract multi-angle features and represent data using a hierarchical structure. In the field of neuroimaging, orthonormal projective NMF has been widely used to derive representations of the brain in health and disease, providing intuitive and well-localized factors. TL-NMF is a variant of NMF that aims to learn data representations suited to NMF by incorporating transform learning. It has been shown that TL-NMF can be replaced by a two-step approach called JD+NMF, which estimates the transform through joint-diagonalization prior to NMF computation.
What is CTDI?4 answersCTDI stands for Computed Tomography Dose Index. It is a measure used to quantify the radiation dose delivered to a patient during a CT scan. CTDI calculations are important for ensuring patient safety and optimizing imaging protocols. The CTDI value is typically determined by measuring the radiation sensitivity and effective length of a CT ionization chamber. The effective length of the chamber is often assumed to be equivalent to the nominal length stated by the manufacturer, but this assumption can lead to errors in CTDI calculations. To avoid these errors, it is necessary to include information about the chamber's effective length in the calibration or have a slit-based calibration method. Monte Carlo simulations using the GATE code have been used to estimate CTDI values and assess patient doses during CT examinations. The CTDI value is an important parameter in CT dose profiling and optimization.
What is kof?3 answersThe KOF Globalisation Index is a composite index that measures globalization along the economic, social, and political dimensions for every country in the world. It was introduced by Dreher in 2006 and updated in Dreher et al. in 2008. The index distinguishes between de facto and de jure measures of globalization, with de facto measures representing actual international flows and activities, and de jure measures representing policies and conditions that affect flows and activities. Within the economic dimension, the index further disentangles trade and financial globalization. The revised version of the index is based on 43 variables and includes time-varying weighting of the variables. It has been used to examine the effect of globalization on economic growth, with results suggesting that de facto and de jure globalization influence economic growth differently. Future research can use the KOF Globalisation Index to explore other consequences of globalization and understand why it varies across countries.
What is CTL?5 answersCTL, or Convolutional Transform Learning, is a combination of convolutional neural networks and transform learning. It learns convolutional kernels in an unsupervised way by minimizing loss functions. Traditional methods learn convolution kernels in Euclidean space and then apply additional operations to meet orthonormal constraints. To address this issue, a multi-layer CTL model based on manifold optimization is proposed. This model calculates and updates the convolution kernel group directly on the manifold constructed with the orthonormality constraint, capturing important inherent properties of data. The single-layer CTL model is extended to a multi-layer model, extracting deep semantic information from signals. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm reduces the number of iteration updates of the convolution kernel and improves sparse feature extraction ability, resulting in higher quality sparse features.
Do CTF challenegs benefit career transitioners?5 answersCTF challenges, as mentioned by Oertle and O'Leary, can benefit career transitioners by promoting work experience and self-advocacy, which has been shown to increase employment rates. Additionally, the study by Martin highlights the importance of internships as high-impact practices in higher education, which can prepare students for careers in specific fields such as strength and conditioning coaching. Furthermore, McCauley's research suggests that services such as academic supports, post-secondary supports, education financial assistance, and career services can mitigate employment risks and provide unique benefits for youth with disabilities during their transition to adulthood. These findings indicate that CTF challenges, along with internships and supportive services, can play a significant role in facilitating successful career transitions for individuals.
What is covif?3 answersCentral Odontogenic Fibroma (COF) is a rare benign odontogenic tumour of the jaws. COF has recently been reclassified by the WHO in 2017, leading to a lack of consensus on its definition. This has resulted in limited awareness of COF among practitioners. A systematic review of the literature using the PRISMA methodology has identified various characteristics of COF, including epidemiological, clinical, radiological, histological, therapeutic, and prognostic aspects. Surgical enucleation is the preferred treatment for COF, with a low recurrence rate and no reported cases of malignant transformation. However, regular clinical and radiological follow-up is recommended for several years as a precautionary measure.