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What is humoral rejection? 


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Humoral rejection refers to a type of rejection seen in organ transplant recipients, particularly in lung and heart transplants. It involves the production of antibodies against the transplanted organ, leading to tissue damage and dysfunction . In lung transplants, humoral rejection can be challenging to diagnose, as it may not always present with typical histopathologic or immunopathologic markers. Non-HLA antibodies, in addition to HLA antibodies, play a role in humoral rejection after lung transplantation, potentially contributing to rejection episodes. Understanding and identifying these antibodies through screening can help in predicting and managing lung-allograft rejection. In heart transplants, antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is crucial for long-term outcomes, and advancements in detecting recipient antibodies have improved understanding and treatment strategies for AMR.

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Humoral rejection in cardiac transplantation refers to antibody-mediated rejection (AMR), a challenging condition to diagnose and treat, impacting long-term outcomes by causing capillary vasculopathy.
Humoral rejection in lung transplantation involves histopathologic, immunopathologic, and serologic parameters, including C4d staining, anti-HLA antibodies, and potentially non-HLA antibodies, impacting lung-allograft rejection diagnosis.
Humoral rejection involves recipient immune cells producing antibodies against allograft antigens, leading to complement-dependent and independent pathways causing graft injury and dysfunction post lung transplantation.
Humoral rejection, as discussed in the paper, refers to the power dynamics in humor where lack of response to jokes can make someone appear unfunny, impacting perceptions of humor and gender.
Not addressed in the paper.

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