Why do stock splits occur?4 answersStock splits occur for several reasons. One reason is to attract attention and induce information production to correct price distortion caused by investors' 52-week high anchoring bias. Another reason is that firms may split their shares during good market conditions and economic upturns to take advantage of excess earnings and increase their associated returns. Additionally, stock splits can be used to keep the stock price in a desired trading range and signal a board's confidence in the company's prospects. In some cases, stock splits may be driven by the desire to increase trading liquidity and respond positively to investor demand. However, there is evidence of illegal insider trading in some cases, particularly in vulnerable firms that are more likely to split their stocks, leading to abnormal short-term returns.
How bond splitting failure of bonded bars occurs?5 answersBond splitting failure of bonded bars occurs when the surrounding concrete experiences splitting due to the radial pressure exerted by the bar lugs. This type of failure is often observed in reinforced concrete structures and can be influenced by factors such as the amount of transverse reinforcement, concrete strength, and positioning of the main reinforcing bars. The bond splitting strength is proportional to the maximum average radial stress values obtained numerically. In cases where there is a significant amount of transverse reinforcement, compressive stresses transferred between the main reinforcing bars can also contribute to bond failure. However, the residual tensile strength of the concrete in the splice region should not be neglected, as it can affect the bond strength. The bond behavior of deformed bars in concrete can be accurately predicted using analytical models that consider the splitting failure of the concrete cover.
Why can't the atom be split?3 answersThe atom can be split, contrary to the ancient Greek concept of the atom as indivisible. The idea of the atom has evolved over time as our understanding of the structure of matter has increased. Today, we know that atoms are made up of even smaller particles, and we are able to split atoms. This knowledge has led to advancements in fields such as nuclear science and nuclear medicine, where we use radioactive atoms for imaging and therapy purposes.
Why we split the heat exchangers?4 answersHeat exchangers are split in order to improve their performance and increase heat transfer efficiencies. Split-flow heat exchangers, such as split-flow exchangers with an even number of tube passes, allow for arbitrary entrance and exit locations of the shellside flow and variable NTU. They provide a closed form solution for calculating temperature and thermal effectiveness, and their thermal performance is compared to that of conventional shell and tube exchangers. Another reason for splitting heat exchangers is to create an economic two-stage system that can cool cracked gas from short-term splitting furnaces. By integrating the two stages in one device, the need for long, hot pipelines is eliminated, and the system can also be switched to single-stage operation. Additionally, split structures in heat exchangers can allow for cost reduction, smaller dimensions, and reduced variations among products in quality or performance.
How many split-belt studies are there?5 answersThere are several split-belt studies mentioned in the abstracts. Butterfield et al. conducted a study on split-belt treadmill training and energy transfer between the treadmill and the person during split-belt walking. Wisthaler also explored the energy extraction mechanism in split-belt treadmill walking using a split-belt rimless wheel model. Butterfield and Collins investigated the metabolic energy costs of split-belt walking compared to tied-belt walking. Hoogkamer et al. focused on defining gait parameters used in split-belt treadmill studies. Velasquez studied the adaptation of spatial and temporal gait features in split-belt treadmill walking. Therefore, there are at least five split-belt studies mentioned in the abstracts.
What is the effect of defects on thre residual life of type IV pressure vessels?5 answersThe effect of defects on the residual life of type IV pressure vessels is a significant concern. Several papers discuss this issue. Lin et al. propose a new method for residual life prediction based on crack failure path and rate, using fracture mechanics and failure assessment diagram (FAD). Troiano et al. present case studies that identify the cause of reduced lives in thick-walled pressure vessels, including tensile residual stresses from autofrettage and long-term effects from corrosion and pitting. Cheverton et al. develop a fracture mechanics model to evaluate the potential for extensive propagation of preexistent inner surface flaws in reactor pressure vessels subjected to severe thermal shock. These papers highlight the importance of considering defects and their impact on the residual life of pressure vessels.