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What is the history and development of utility theory in economics? 


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Utility theory in economics has a rich history and has undergone significant development over time. The concept of utility can be traced back to Bernoulli, who sought to resolve the St. Petersburg Paradox by maximizing expected utility . Utility theory has greatly influenced investment decision-making, allowing investors to align decisions with their risk preferences and well-being . It is a psychological concept that forms the basis of economics and finance, with three types of utility - marginal, total, and average - being studied extensively . Expected utility theory, which assumes that people choose risky opportunities by comparing expected benefits, has been the foundation of traditional finance but has faced criticism . Non-expected utility theories, such as cumulative prospect theory and rank-dependent utility, have been developed to address the limitations of expected utility theory . The development of utility theories has not been linear, and a fresh perspective is needed to understand their evolution .

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The paper discusses the historical development of utility models in economics, including the work of von Neumann and Morgenstern in 1944 and the development of various utility theories.
The paper discusses the historical development of utility models in economics, including the pioneering work of von Neumann and Morgenstern in 1944 and subsequent developments in Expected Utility theory.
The paper discusses utility theory in economics, including its main hypothesis, types of utility, and approaches to utility comparison. However, it does not provide a specific history or development of utility theory in economics.
The paper discusses the history of utility functions, tracing it back to Bernoulli's attempt to resolve the St. Petersburg Paradox.

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What is the concept of utility functions?4 answersUtility functions are a means to encode objectives and preferences in various domains, such as investor portfolios. They allow one to assign scores to outcomes and identify optimal solutions by maximizing these scores. Utility functions have been applied in fields like Bayesian optimization, where they help optimize expensive objective functions. In the context of human-robot interaction, utility-based models are used to govern a robot's actions, with the responsibility of the robot over the state of affairs embedded into the utility model. The concept of utility functions can be traced back to Bernoulli, who sought to resolve the St. Petersburg Paradox by maximizing expected utility. In economic theory, utility functions are considered the most important concept, with the logarithmic function being a common form.
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What does an economist understand by the term “utility”?2 answersEconomists understand "utility" as the total satisfaction derived from consuming a good or service. It is considered a psychological concept and is the basis of economics and finance. Neoclassical economics assumes that individuals act as rational agents aiming to maximize their subjective utility. However, behavioral economists and psychologists have shown that people often behave in ways that contradict neoclassical assumptions and follow cognitive heuristics. In traditional decision theory, utility is seen as a mathematical representation of preferences inferred from agents' choices. Some argue that utility is computed by specific neural areas and suggest incorporating neuro-psychological constructs into economic models. Utility is a central concept in economic theory and is involved in various economic theories, such as subjective theory of value, decision theory, and welfare theory. Economists have primarily measured utility indirectly through the revealed preference approach, but alternative direct measurement methods have been introduced.

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