What is the history and evolution of agency theory in economics?5 answersThe history and evolution of agency theory in economics have been a subject of interest across various disciplines. Initially proposed by Adam Smith, agency theory explains the relationship dynamics between owners and managers within organizations. Over time, the theory has evolved to address issues such as agency costs, principal-agent problems, information asymmetry, and corporate governance challenges. In the context of financial capitalism, agency theory plays a crucial role in understanding the governance relationship between institutional investors and corporations, influencing investment decisions in companies like Royal Dutch Shell. The theory has also been applied to explore conflicts arising from information asymmetry between principals and agents in business settings, emphasizing the importance of monitoring, bonding, and screening measures to mitigate agency problems.
What is the concept of utility functions?4 answersUtility functions are a means to encode objectives and preferences in various domains, such as investor portfolios. They allow one to assign scores to outcomes and identify optimal solutions by maximizing these scores. Utility functions have been applied in fields like Bayesian optimization, where they help optimize expensive objective functions. In the context of human-robot interaction, utility-based models are used to govern a robot's actions, with the responsibility of the robot over the state of affairs embedded into the utility model. The concept of utility functions can be traced back to Bernoulli, who sought to resolve the St. Petersburg Paradox by maximizing expected utility. In economic theory, utility functions are considered the most important concept, with the logarithmic function being a common form.
What is the expected utility theory of OF CHOICE?5 answersThe expected utility theory of choice is a framework that describes decision-making as a process of maximizing subjective value or utility. Decision makers assign a subjective value to each choice option and choose the one with the highest utility. This theory is based on the idea that decision makers weigh the potential rewards and probabilities associated with different options and make choices based on their preferences. The theory also includes the continuity axiom, which states that decision makers should be indifferent between a gamble and a specific probabilistic combination of more and less preferred gambles. The existence of a numerical utility measure, as defined by the theory, has been supported by experimental evidence in monkeys, suggesting the presence of a utility function underlying subjective value computation.
What‘s expected utility theory?4 answersExpected utility theory (EUT) is a quantitative framework used in decision-making under uncertainty. It helps decision-makers identify the financially most advantageous decisions based on the possible outcomes and probabilities of each outcome occurring. EUT has been implemented in civil engineering decision problems related to structural health monitoring (SHM) to optimize decision strategies. The theory has been reformulated from the viewpoint of bounded rationality, introducing probability grids and cognitive bounds to restrict permissible probabilities. EUT allows decision-makers to assign subjective values to choice options and choose the option with the highest subjective value. Compliance with the continuity axiom is necessary for the definition of numerical subjective values in EUT. The theory has also been applied to economic behavior, where assigning probability values to future uncertainty helps in decision-making.
What is the definition of a utility function?3 answersA utility function is a mathematical representation of an individual's preferences or satisfaction levels in economic theory. It quantifies the level of satisfaction or utility that a person derives from consuming different goods or experiencing different outcomes. Utility functions can take various forms and are used to describe behaviors in different contexts. For example, Nikolaenkoderived a utility function to describe the behavior of a buyer on a financial market, while Abbasian et al.considered a constrained multi-objective problem with multiple utility functions for each objective. Utility functions are important tools for decision-making and optimization problems, allowing decision-makers to evaluate and compare different options based on their utility values. In summary, a utility function provides a way to measure and compare the desirability or satisfaction associated with different choices or outcomes.
What does an economist understand by the term “utility”?2 answersEconomists understand "utility" as the total satisfaction derived from consuming a good or service. It is considered a psychological concept and is the basis of economics and finance. Neoclassical economics assumes that individuals act as rational agents aiming to maximize their subjective utility. However, behavioral economists and psychologists have shown that people often behave in ways that contradict neoclassical assumptions and follow cognitive heuristics. In traditional decision theory, utility is seen as a mathematical representation of preferences inferred from agents' choices. Some argue that utility is computed by specific neural areas and suggest incorporating neuro-psychological constructs into economic models. Utility is a central concept in economic theory and is involved in various economic theories, such as subjective theory of value, decision theory, and welfare theory. Economists have primarily measured utility indirectly through the revealed preference approach, but alternative direct measurement methods have been introduced.