What are the key mathematical models used in computational frameworks for design of structures?4 answersComputational frameworks for the design of structures utilize various mathematical models. The Finite Element Method (FEM) is commonly used for linear elastic structures, providing a numerical approach to analyze structural behavior. Another technique is Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA), which uses statistical approaches and lower computational costs compared to FEM-based techniques. SEA requires subsystem and junction models to compute SEA coefficients, which can be based on simplified descriptions of the structures. The coupling of FEM with the Boundary Element Method (BEM) is also considered, offering advantages in terms of computational efficiency. Additionally, Bayesian frameworks integrate information from data and models, quantifying modeling uncertainties and selecting the most appropriate model among alternatives. These computational frameworks enable the creation of engineering designs, allowing experts and non-experts to build designs using digital modular components and features.
How to express dna mathematically?5 answersDNA can be expressed mathematically using various approaches. One approach is to represent DNA molecules using a formal notation that includes nicks and gaps. This notation allows for the representation of equivalent DNA expressions, which are different representations of the same molecule. Another approach is to interpret DNA sequences as directed weighted graphs, where the presence of nucleotides at different positions in the sequence determines the adjacency and fuzzy membership distance matrices. These distance matrices can then be used to calculate similarities among different DNA sequences. Additionally, DNA sequences can be converted into numerical sequences for analysis using digital signal processing techniques. Different methods of numerical representation can be used, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. These methods aim to reflect the biological properties of DNA sequences in the numerical domain for the detection and identification of specific regions of interest.
Where are plates applied in structural engineering?3 answersPlates are widely used in various areas of structural engineering, including civil and mechanical engineering fields. They are commonly employed in the construction of buildings, bridges, ships, aerospace structures, and other metal structures. Plates can be made of different materials, such as steel and composite materials. They can be used in different forms, including intact plates, stiffened plates, perforated plates, and stiffened perforated plates. Plates can experience various modes of failure, such as buckling and instability, which need to be analyzed and predicted for their safe design and operation. Overall, plates play a crucial role in the construction and functioning of structures in structural engineering.
What is the formula to shape product?5 answersThe formula for shaping a product involves heating prepregs with reinforcing fibers and a thermoplastic resin, arranging them in layers, and pressing them together to create the desired shape. Another formula is the hook length formula, which gives a product formula for the number of standard Young tableaux of a partition shape. However, not all skew shapes have a product formula for the number of standard Young tableaux. For certain special skew shapes, there is a product formula. Additionally, a product formula has been conjectured for the number of standard Young tableaux of a certain skew shifted shape. These formulas have been proven using Selberg-type integrals.
What are the target of microtiter plates?5 answersMicrotiter plates are suitable for screening and process development of most microorganisms. They are currently the container of choice for high-throughput and small-scale microbial culture. Affinity ligands such as antibodies can be immobilized onto microtiter plates for protein enrichment prior to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) detection. Multi-well microtiter plates are designed for high-throughput screening of piercing-sucking arthropods. Microtiter plates are also used as low-cost miniaturized bioreactors for conducting experiments under similar conditions. The target of microtiter plates includes high-throughput screening of microorganisms, protein enrichment for LC-MS detection, screening of piercing-sucking arthropods, and miniaturized bioreactor applications.
What are equations used for seismic load design?3 answersSeismic load design equations are used to determine the optimal load factors for the design of buildings subjected to seismic ground motion. The type of soil conditions and the fundamental vibration period of the structures are important factors in determining the optimal load factors. The load factors considered in seismic load design include dead, live, and earthquake loads. The seismic coefficients used in the design are obtained from code-specified elastic response spectra and are dependent on the natural period of the structure. The variability in soil shear strength parameters and design response spectrum ordinate is taken into consideration in determining the resistance factors for seismic slope stability analysis. The seismic load design equations are used to minimize the total expected life-cycle cost of buildings while ensuring a maximum value of the mean annual failure rate.