What is the temperature of the exhaust gas of the hydrogen combustion engine.?4 answersThe temperature of the exhaust gas of a hydrogen combustion engine can be estimated using various methods. One method involves estimating the temperature by calculation using a sensor that measures the temperature of the exhaust gases and a preestablished model. Another method involves determining the exhaust gas temperature by measuring the lambda value of the exhaust gas and calculating a calculated exhaust gas temperature based on this value. Additionally, a method involves measuring the exhaust gas temperature with a temperature sensor and estimating the exhaust gas temperature based on the measured pressure value. Another method involves detecting the temperature of the exhaust gas after passing through an exhaust gas purification treatment device and calculating the temperature of the exhaust gas after passing through a second exhaust gas purification treatment device. Finally, an apparatus estimates the temperature of the exhaust gas based on the temperature increment caused by adiabatic compression and the amount of heat lost in the exhaust gas.
What are the recent highlights on hydrogen combustion engine?4 answersHydrogen combustion engines have gained momentum in recent years as a solution for zero emission vehicles. Worldwide auto giants and research institutes have started pilot projects using hydrogen as fuel in internal combustion engines of various vehicles, ranging from two-wheelers to trucks and buses. The research community is focusing on the physical, chemical, and combustion properties of hydrogen, as well as engine design requirements. Recent trends in hydrogen engine and vehicle development strategies, such as port fuel injection and direct injection technologies, are being evaluated in terms of engine performance and emissions. The development of hydrogen engines is being explored in terms of traditional structural inheritance and innovation, with a focus on the future application of hydrogen energy in engine development. Additionally, studies have been conducted on the combustion features of hydrogen compared to methane, including ignition delay time, laminar flame speed, flashback, and nitrogen oxide formation.
What is the pressure temperature phase diagram of hydrogen below 10 GPa?5 answersThe pressure-temperature phase diagram of hydrogen below 10 GPa consists of an antiferromagnetic ordered phase, a pressure-induced ordered phase, and a paramagnetic phase. The pressure-induced ordered phase exhibits a spontaneous magnetic moment and may have a ferrimagnetic or parasitic ferromagnetic structure. At the critical pressure where the pressure-induced ordered phase disappears, the temperature dependence of the resistivity below 10 K follows a non-Fermi liquid behavior, suggesting the presence of pronounced magnetic fluctuations. However, the phase diagram of hydrogen below 10 GPa does not provide specific information about the stability of different phases or their transitions.
What is the autoignition temperature of a hydrogen oxygen mixture?5 answersThe autoignition temperature of a hydrogen-oxygen mixture is approximately 1150 K.
How does the performance of ANN for hydrogen production vary with temperature and efficiency?5 answersThe performance of artificial neural networks (ANNs) for hydrogen production varies with temperature and efficiency. In the context of glycerol steam reforming (GSR) with a Pd Ag membrane reactor (MR) and Co/Al2O3 catalyst, the ANN model showed a good agreement with experimental results, indicating the effectiveness of temperature on hydrogen production. In the case of biohydrogen production, ANN-based models were used to predict hydrogen yields at different process scales. The models showed relatively negligible deviations from their predicted values across scales, suggesting that miniaturization of experiments for model development does not significantly impact accuracy. For electrolytic hydrogen production, ANN and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) were used to develop predictive models. These models provided performance parameters such as hydrogen flow rate and system efficiency, and were implemented as virtual sensors due to the high costs associated with hydrogen measuring equipment. Overall, the performance of ANN for hydrogen production is influenced by temperature and efficiency, and ANN models can be used to accurately predict hydrogen yields and performance parameters.
What is the temperature of exhaust air from cooling tower?3 answersThe temperature of the exhaust air from a cooling tower varies depending on the specific design and operating conditions. In one study, the temperatures at the cooling tower exit were reported to be 431.9°C and 432.2°C (809.4°F and 810°F) using different computational methods. Another study found that the outlet water temperature could be reduced by 19°C by utilizing a new design with crosswise swirling jets. The abstracts do not provide specific information about the exhaust air temperature from a cooling tower.