How has the use of animals in research changed over time?4 answersThe use of animals in research has evolved over time. Animal research ethics and welfare have become increasingly regulated and tightly controlled, with a focus on minimizing, improving, and replacing the use of animals whenever possible. The ethical and humane use of animals for scientific purposes is now a cornerstone for responsible research conduct. There is a growing emphasis on disseminating knowledge about ethical issues and alternatives in animal experimentation. Scientists are encouraged to consider the 12Rs Framework, which provides a simplified, comprehensive approach to guide ethical considerations in animal research. Additionally, advancements in technology, such as imaging and artificial intelligence, are being utilized to digitize and evaluate biological information and emotions of experimental animals, aiming to improve research methods and reduce the need for animal use. Overall, there is a greater awareness and effort to ensure the welfare of animals used in research and to explore alternative methods.
What are some animals that are safe to pet?5 answersSome animals that are safe to pet include traditional exotic companion mammals such as ferrets, rabbits, and rodents. Dogs and cats are also popular pets that are generally safe to pet. However, it is important to note that while pets can provide many health and social benefits, they can also pose health risks. Pets, including dogs, cats, rodents, and reptiles, can be a potential source of zoonotic diseases that can be transmitted to humans. Additionally, some exotic pets, such as reptiles and amphibians, can cause injuries or poisoning to their keepers. Therefore, it is important to practice safe handling techniques and be aware of the potential risks associated with owning and interacting with pets.
What are the main types of species that are protected by CITES?4 answersThe main types of species protected by CITES include birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles, spiders, and scorpions. The trade of these species is regulated to prevent their detrimental harvest and ensure their survival. Non-threatened species dominate the trade, but there are also small numbers of highly threatened species involved. The trade volumes of species do not systematically respond to changes in their Red List category, indicating a disconnect between trade volumes and extinction risk. The regulation of trade in listed species has potential drawbacks, and there is a need for open and accessible assessments to evidence the sustainable use of threatened and non-threatened species alike. Tarantulas, specifically species of the genus Brachypelma, are listed in CITES Appendix II, indicating that they are not necessarily threatened with extinction but may become so without close control of trade. Many tarantulas are legally and illegally traded in the pet market, and their conservation requires conservation measures such as preserving their natural habitat, establishing management plans, and systematic monitoring. CITES primarily focuses on Appendix-II species, which represent over 92% of the global trade in wild fauna and flora. The regulatory provisions ensure that trade is not detrimental to their survival and minimize the risk of injury or cruel treatment during transport. The Red List and CITES have independent criteria and processes for evaluating extinction risk and including species in the Appendices. While species threatened on the Red List may not always meet the criteria for inclusion in CITES, closer interaction between the two is suggested for better conservation outcomes. Giant scorpions, such as Pandinus imperator, Pandinopsis dictator, Pandinus gambiensis, Pandinus ulderigoi, and Pandinus roeseli, are protected by CITES due to their popularity in the pet trade and vulnerable status.
How does fauna helps human?2 answersFauna helps humans in various ways. Animals participating in educational and counseling sessions, such as Great Pyrenees, cats, goats, horses, and mules, help individuals develop trust, overcome shyness, and cope with illnesses, thereby enhancing their social skills and confidence. Including animals in disaster response plans and shelters can benefit the physical and mental health and well-being of humans affected by natural disasters. Entomological data from insect fauna can provide valuable information for crime scene investigations, particularly in estimating the post-mortem interval. Coastal fauna in tropical areas not only contribute to the economy but also provide livelihoods to coastal communities. However, human activities, such as pollution from industries, tourism, and urbanization, pose a severe threat to the survival and distribution of coastal faunal communities. The human parasite fauna consists of approximately 270 species, with some species being dependent on humans for survival, while others are incidental or rely on other mammals as their usual source of infection.
Why animals are being used by researchers?5 answersAnimals are being used by researchers for various reasons. One reason is to ensure the safety and feasibility of experiments before conducting them on humans. Animals have played a significant role in the development of vaccines, therapeutic treatments, and medical products. They are also used to advance fundamental research in the life sciences and to test the safety of potentially toxic substances. By using animals in biomedical research, scientists have been able to come up with effective treatments for deadly diseases and gain a better understanding of various illnesses. However, the use of animals in research is highly controversial and must be justified by demonstrating that the expected benefits outweigh the suffering imposed. It is important to note that while animals may suffer during research, the (painless) death of animals is often easier to justify.
Why do we use mice?4 answersMice are used in research because they provide valuable tools for biomedical investigation, allowing for reductionist experiments with increasing complexity and rigor. Despite the differences between mice and humans, mice are still useful for studying biological processes that have been conserved during evolution and for investigating developmental mechanisms. Additionally, mice can be used to identify neuronal circuit mechanisms underlying behaviors affected in psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, which can guide the development of new therapies. In the field of cardiovascular research, mice are used to dissect the complex genetic etiology of diseases like atherosclerosis, where experimental parameters can be controlled. Overall, mice are valuable model organisms for studying human biology, although caution must be taken when extrapolating results to human disease.