When did Alan Turing invent the Turing Test?5 answersAlan Turing proposed the Turing Test in 1950 as a method to determine a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior indistinguishable from that of a human. The test, also known as "the Imitation Game," aimed to assess whether machines, particularly digital computers, could be considered as thinking entities. Turing's motivation for the test was to explore the development of machine intelligence and the potential for achieving human-level artificial intelligence through approaches like Computational Logic and Machine Learning. Despite its initial purpose, subsequent discussions on Turing tests have expanded to consider their utility in addressing empirical questions about both machines and humans involved in human-machine interactions, highlighting the evolving significance of Turing's groundbreaking concept.
What is the historical significance of the concept of probability models in various fields of study?4 answersThe concept of probability models holds historical significance across various fields of study. Initially rooted in the analysis of games of chance, probability evolved into a mathematical theory of uncertainty, permeating models of random phenomena today. Historical origins trace back to prominent figures like Fermat, Pascal, Bernoulli, and Laplace, highlighting the early dichotomy between aleatory and epistemic probability, eventually linking probability theory with statistics. In modern applications, automated purchase transactions utilize probability models to detect fraudulent activities, adjusting thresholds based on observed freeze rates to enhance accuracy. Moreover, Keynes's interpretation of probability as a degree of rational belief influenced economic and stochastic models, showcasing the intricate relationship between knowledge, propositions, and numerical representations.
How does probabilistic fem simulation work?5 answersProbabilistic finite element method (FEM) simulation works by using random numbers to sample the values of probability variables, allowing for the modeling of stochastic parameters based on random sampling. This method is used in mathematical problems such as the Monte Carlo method, which models deterministic or stochastic parameters using random sampling. The weak law of large numbers and the central boundary theorem are concepts that justify the use of this method. In the context of mechanical systems, a novel fault detection scheme is proposed that combines FEM simulation with generative adversarial networks to generate synthetic fault samples for training artificial intelligence (AI) models. This scheme overcomes the limitation of missing fault samples and enables the AI models to accurately detect unknown fault types in real-world running mechanical systems.
Who invented the probabilistic model in Psychopathology?3 answersThe probabilistic model in psychopathology was not explicitly mentioned in the abstracts provided.
What is the Turing Machine? When and in which paper was this concept introduced?5 answersThe Turing Machine is an abstract concept of a computing device that introduced new models for computation. It was first introduced in a paper by Najmeh Ahang, Amin Jahromi Torabi, and Mansour Doostfatemeh.
When was the first computer invented?4 answersThe first computer was invented in 1837 by Charles Babbage. It was a program for the Analytical Engine, consisting of a sequence of arithmetical operations and variable addresses displayed in tabular fashion. The program computed solutions for a system of two linear equations in two unknowns.