Showing papers on "Animal welfare published in 1985"
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss how to assess the quality of animal life in scientific research, teaching, product safety testing, and as a source of food, and how to measure animal wellbeing.
Abstract: Society is currently involved in a serious debate about the use of animals in scientific research, teaching, product-safety testing, recreation, and as a source of food. Although the views and philosophies that have been expressed in this debate are diverse, one central mutually acceptable theme has developed: a concern that everything possible be done to ensure the wellbeing of animals under the charge of researchers and that these animals do not suffer unduly. The problem with responding to this concern is how to assess the wellbeing of animals. How should the quality of animal life be measured?
288 citations
TL;DR: This article examined the relationship between childhood cruelty toward animals and aggressive behavior among criminals and noncriminals in adulthood and found that childhood cruelty towards animals occurred to a significantly greater degree among aggressive criminals than among non-aggressive criminals or non-criminals.
Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between childhood cruelty toward animals and aggressive behavior among criminals and noncriminals in adulthood.Data were derived from personal interviews with 152 criminals and noncriminals in Kansas and Connecticut. A standardized, closed, and open-ended interview, requiring approximately 1-2 hours to complete, was administered to all subjects. Aggressiveness was defined by behavioral criteria rather than by reason for incarceration.Childhood cruelty toward animals occurred to a significantly greater degree among aggressive criminals than among nonaggressive criminals or noncriminals. Additionally, the occurrence of more than 40 cases of extreme animal crielty facilitated the development of a preliminary classification of nine distinct motivations for animal cruelty. Finally, family violence, particularly paternal abuse and alcoholism, were significantly more common among aggressive criminals with a history of childhood cruelty toward animals.
256 citations
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: Scientists feel justified in making this correlation between well-being and successful reproduction, because reproduction is one of the most basic drives for all animals.
Abstract: Reproduction can serve as a barometer of animal well-being. Whenever a group of animals stops reproducing, researchers begin to examine various aspects of their well-being. Do they have sufficient food? Are they too crowded? Is housing adequate? Are the animals being stressed? Scientists feel justified in making this correlation between well-being and successful reproduction, because reproduction is one of the most basic drives for all animals. When an animal fails to reproduce, not only is its genetic potential lost, but survival of an entire group may be jeopardized. To prevent such a consequence, an animal will make considerable physiological sacrifices to ensure reproductive success; only the most severe threats to its well-being will prevent the animal from reproducing.
169 citations
TL;DR: Any acceptable ethical discussion of the use of research animals must take into account suffering and well-being, pleasure, thought and reason, purposiveness, and self awareness.
Abstract: The debate on animal research has entered a new phase, involving a reevaluation of the moral status of animals, a detailed examination of the biological and philosophical meaning of animal pain and suffering, and a closer examination of the benefits of different types of knowledge. We need a clearer understanding of the ethical issues in animal research to provide the groundwork for public policy.
80 citations
TL;DR: The aim is to present the facts that will prevent you from being misled by the grossly false statements repeatedly made by certain leaders of the radical animal activists.
Abstract: Facts documented by references are presented to prove beyond any reasonable doubt the value of behavioral research on animals. Attempts by radical animal activists to mislead humane people by repeatedly asserting such research is completely without any value and by other false statements are a disservice to animal welfare by deflecting funds from worthy activities. Some of the significant contributions of animal research covered are those to welfare of animals; treatment of human urinary and fecal incontinence, psychotherapy and especially behavior therapy and behavioral medicine; rehabilitation of neuromuscular disorders; understanding and alleviating effects of stress and pain; discovery and testing of drugs for treatment of anxiety, psychosis, and Parkinson's disease; new knowledge about mechanisms of drug addiction, relapse, and damage to the fetus; treatment enabling extremely premature infants to gain 47% more weight and save $6,000 per child in hospital care; and understanding the mechanisms and probable future alleviation of some deficits of memory that occur with aging. This article is addressed to humane people who are members of humane societies, of the American Psychological Association, or of the general public, or who are writers for the media. Its aim is to present the facts that will prevent you from being misled by the grossly false statements repeatedly made by certain leaders of the radical animal activists. If you know the true facts, you may not want to help these radical leaders impede the research that has produced, and can continue to produce, such great benefits to the lives of both animals and people (Comroe, 1983; Keen, 1914; Miller, 1983a; Randall, 1983). You may want to concentrate your support on far more urgent and productive activities for the benefit of animals, such as shelters for abandoned pets and protection of endangered species. A recent survey (Coile & Miller, 1984) showed that of the six specific extreme abuses that Mobilization for Animals, an animal rights group, has described in each of two recent leaflets as the characteristic tools of experimental psychology, not one single example was found in any of the 608 articles published during the last five years in journals of the American Psychological Association (APA) that publish research on animals. This article will The Rockefeller University
70 citations
Journal Article•
40 citations
TL;DR: It is argued that pets were excellent companions for patients confined by long-term illness and should not make fine companions for elders in any state of-health.
23 citations
TL;DR: Management has the obligation to place only technicians who are well-trained, compassionate, and highly motivated in responsible positions of animal care and to recognize the legitimacy of the emotional and behavioral needs of both technicians and animals.
Abstract: The physical and emotional well-being of laboratory animals is often dependent upon the knowledge and ability of the responsible technician. Management has the obligation to place only technicians who are well-trained, compassionate, and highly motivated in responsible positions of animal care and to recognize the legitimacy of, and strongly support, the emotional and behavioral needs of both technicians and animals.
18 citations
TL;DR: For both moral and practical reasons, the veterinary profession must begin to nurture a serious veterinary ethics of human-companion animal interaction as discussed by the authors, and among the central concerns of such a discipline will be the moral value of the veterinary patient: the moral significance of human animal companionship; the proper response of the practitioner to conflicts of interests between the patient, its owner, and himself; and the proper role of the practitioners in the client's decisions.
Abstract: For both moral and practical reasons, the veterinary profession must begin to nurture a serious veterinary ethics of human-companion animal interaction. Among the central concerns of such a discipline will be the moral value of the veterinary patient: the moral significance of human-animal companionship; the proper response of the practitioner to conflicts of interests between the patient, its owner, and himself; and the proper role of the practitioner in the client's decisions. Approaches that urge moral equality of man and animal or encourage the veterinarian to control the client's decision undervalue the moral status of the animal owner in the human-companion animal bond.
15 citations
TL;DR: The authors discusses the history of the humane movement and how humane societies facilitate the human-companion animal bond by conducting various animal protection programs (cruelty prevention, rescues, adoptions, veterinary services, for example) and participating in pet-facilitated therapy programs.
Abstract: This article discusses the history of the humane movement and how humane societies facilitate the human-companion animal bond by conducting various animal-protection programs (cruelty prevention, rescues, adoptions, veterinary services, for example) and participating in pet-facilitated therapy programs. Also discussed is the euthanasia of unwanted and unclaimed animals and its effect on animal shelter personnel.
15 citations
TL;DR: Attention has been drawn in this work to existing laws protecting animals, but new legislation is being demanded, not only by some lay welfare groups but also by scientists, so it has become very important to discuss various ways of ensuring animal welfare, including by legislation.
Abstract: Recognition of unacceptable cruelty to animals in pasttimes such as bull-baiting, dates in Britain from the early 19th century. The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was founded in 1824. Several bills to curb cruelty were discussed in Parliament, and the Cruel and Improper Treatment of Cattle Act was passed in 1822. Other Acts have followed over the years. Cruelty in the form of painful scientific experiments, including dissection of living, conscious animals, vivisection, was proscribed by the Cruelty to Animals Act 1876. That Act required anyone wishing to experiment with animals to obtain a licence from the Secretary of State. Conditions for issue of licences were strict and remain so to this day. The Act is still valid, and is enforced by the Home Office, with its medical and veterinary Inspectors. The Cruelty to Animals Act 1876 allows experiments on animals under strictly controlled conditions. Experiments must have the clear objective of improving the welfare of man and/or animals. Benefits from experiments carried out under the Act have been enormous, covering every aspect of diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis in human and veterinary medicine. Coincidentally, the welfare of laboratory animals has also been greatly improved. There has always been some opposition to the use of animals in biomedical research. The subject is emotive but, by and large, discussion has been rational and within the law. In recent years, however, the morality of using experimental animals has been examined more closely. The possibility of replacing them by alternative methods has been investigated. Where these alternatives are applicable, they are used and further research on them continues. The questioning of animal experiments has emphasized the need to look constantly at animal welfare to ensure humane treatment of all animals, especially those restricted in a laboratory or on a farm. Attention has been drawn in this work to our existing laws protecting animals, but new legislation is being demanded, not only by some lay welfare groups but also by scientists. Hence, it has become very important to discuss various ways of ensuring animal welfare, including by legislation, especially with those knowledgeable in laboratory animal science and animal experiments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
TL;DR: Some of the factors that influence cultural differences in human-companion animal relationships are addressed, including the role of religion and symbolism and therole of veterinary medicine.
Abstract: Some of the factors that influence cultural differences in human-companion animal relationships are addressed, including the role of religion and symbolism and the role of veterinary medicine The consequences of these cultural attitudes are discussed in terms of effects on animal species and on human-animal relationships
TL;DR: Specific guidelines for veterinarians are described for use of pets in animal-facilitated therapy programs and there is a need to increase curriculum time on the human-animal bond and animal behavior in veterinary medical education.
Abstract: There is a need to increase curriculum time on the human-animal bond and animal behavior in veterinary medical education. Specific guidelines for veterinarians are described for use of pets in animal-facilitated therapy programs.
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: The health and well-being of animals have generated much interest in recent years, particularly in association with animals used in teaching and research, and guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals have been established.
Abstract: The health and well-being of animals have generated much interest in recent years, particularly in association with animals used in teaching and research. Consequently, guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals have been established (33). Animal welfare has also been the subject of both federal legislation (2, 3) and regulation (4).
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: This chapter emphasizes that the suffering or stress experienced by an animal in response to any given set of environmental circumstances may be determined directly or indirectly by some combination of factors relating to its evolutionary and ontogenetic or developmental past.
Abstract: Most people have definite ideas about the events or circumstances that cause suffering and stress in animals. Many of these ideas are based on personal experiences and, in some cases, on observations of wild and domestic animals. It is tempting to be anthropomorphic in interpreting the experiences of nonhuman animals despite the knowledge that species differ in genetic backgrounds, in perception of their respective environments, and in the experiences that contribute to the development of characteristic phenotypes. This chapter emphasizes that the suffering or stress experienced by an animal in response to any given set of environmental circumstances may be determined directly or indirectly by some combination of factors relating to its evolutionary and ontogenetic or developmental past. That is, the characteristics that an animal inherits from its ancestors and the experiences it acquires during its lifetime may have a profound effect on its ability to adapt to any existing set of environmental circumstances. For example, nobody would deny that terrestrial mammals have inherited fewer adaptations for swimming and surviving in an aquatic environment than mammals living in or near the water, e.g., whales, dolphins, and seals. If an adult human and an adult seal were placed in deep water for the first time, the human would undoubtedly exhibit the fewest adaptations and thus experience the most stress or suffering. Likewise a human that has never been in the water before would exhibit fewer adaptations and experience more stress than one who had previously learned to swim. The message here is that what is stressful for one species or individual is not necessarily stressful to another species or individual. This point may seem rather obvious or trite, but in the literature on animal stress and suffering (particularly the popularized literature) this fact is seldom discussed. For this reason, I emphasize some of the theoretical and practical issues regarding evolutionary and ontogenetic determinants of animal wellbeing and suffering that relate to the subject of animal welfare.
01 Jan 1985
01 Aug 1985
TL;DR: Careful handling of livestock in all phases of production is prerequisite to a profitable business and rough handling is not only inhumane, but can cause excessive losses due to sickness and slower growth.
Abstract: The article discusses problems with the handling of livestock and the conclusion of the article states qrough handling of livestock is not only inhumane, but can cause excessive losses due to sickness and slower growth...careful handling of livestock in all phases of production is prerequisite to a profitable businessq.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: I can think of no better way to illustrate the principles of aesthetics than by reference to such responses as the above.
Abstract: We are taught to conceive of aesthetics as scmething that pertains only to the arts, less frequently to nature, and usually to the beautiful. But I can think of no better way to illustrate the principles of aesthetics than by reference to such responses as the above. The word "aesthetics" derives fran the Greek word "aesthetikos," meaning "sen sory" or "sensitive." "Aesthesia" itself means "the ability to feel sensation." In fact, this was the original meaning of the philosophical term "aesthetics," coined by Gottlieb Batmgarten in the middle of the eighteenth century. [1] "Aesthetics, " in short, concerns our ability to feel.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The cow is a poem of pity, the mother to millions of Indian mankind, and one of the most wonderful phenomena in human evolution.
Abstract: The cow is a poem of pity...nthe mother to millions of Indian mankind...Cow protection to me is one of the most wonderful phenomena in human evolution. [1]
It is a source of puzzled embarrassment to many Gandhian admirers, who otherwise find in his thoughts a happy marriage of the more sensible of Hindu concepts and the more progressive of western values, that Gandhi was not more modest in his affection for the Cow. Yet, it may also be argued, as I intend to do, that Gandhi's...
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: The current interest in treatment towards animals goes beyond the focus of isolated instances of brutality and encompasses the advocacy of significant changes in our traditional attitudes toward animals as discussed by the authors, since all individuals have an interaction with animals, at least by the animal products they choose to purchase (or not to purchase).
Abstract: The current interest in treatment towards animals goes beyond the focus of isolated instances of brutality and encompasses the advocacy of significant changes in our traditional attitudes toward animals. In one year (1980) an estimated 2,054,281,000 hogs, beef, lamb, and poultry were raised on farms and slaughtered in the U.S.* (Agricultural Statistics 1981), and 1,653,385 laboratory animals were used by facilities registered with the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA 1974). Adding to this the number of related animal industries such as textiles, farm equipment manufacturing, cosmetics and drug industries, restaurants, and groceries, it is easy to appreciate the broad spectrum of changes which would result from significant changes in our relationship with animals. Since all individuals have an interaction with animals, at least by the animal products they choose to purchase (or not to purchase), there has been a proliferation of viewpoints concerning the treatment of animals. This paper will primarily consider Peter Singer’s arguments presented in his book, Animal Liberation (1975), because it is a popular thesis which is objective and logically derived.
TL;DR: Veterinarians should assess the needs of their local communities and adapt a model program to fit these needs to fit animals in the community.
Abstract: Excellent models exist for people-pet programs in institutions and in the community. Veterinarians should assess the needs of their local communities and adapt a model program to fit these needs.