Showing papers on "Audit published in 1969"

Handbook of Energy Audits

Abstract: Now in its fifth edition, this handbook is the most comprehensive and practical reference available on energy auditing in buildings and industry. Completely updated, the book will provide you with all the information you need to establish an energy audit program for your facility. Accounting procedures, electrical, mechanical, building and process systems analysis, life cycle costing, and maintenance management are all covered in detail.

The Visibility of the Auditor's Disclosure of Deviance from APB Opinion: An Empirical Test

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to provide one piece of empirical evi,dence impinging upon the broad question of what constitutes adequate disclosure in published financial statements. More specifically, it examines the relative visibility of a few selected ways of disclosing a deviance from Accounting Principles Board Opinions. The purpose and scope of the study was prompted by three things. First, the governing Council of the AICPA has directed its members to see to it that departures from APB Opinions (and predecessor Accounting Research Bulletins) are disclosed in either the auditor's report or in a footnote to the financial statements for fiscal periods beginning after December 31, 1965. Prior to this either-or decision, a special committee had recommended to the Council that disclosure be made in the auditor's report. There was sufficient opposition to the recommendation and/or preference for footnote disclosure that both methods of disclosure were accepted. Of relevance to choice between the two methods of disclosure is the question of whether they are equally visible to readers of financial statements. If they are equally visible, the visibility question can be ignored and choice can be made on other grounds. If they are not equally visible, choice must surely consider this factor among others. Second, some research efforts in the area of psychology indicate that forewarning may have a significant effect. For example, forewarning in-

The regulation of pesticides in Italy

Abstract: In July 1968 the Italian Council of Ministers examined and approved a draft of the new regulation governing the production, marketing, and sale of pesticides. This regulation, which is the result of some years’ work, was necessary, as in other countries, to meet numerous requirements. It will come into effect after it has been signed by the President of the Republic, after registration by the Audit Office and immediately upon publication in the Official Gazette. The first of the requirements in question is the need to update the relevant legislation, which is no longer in keeping with the particular biological properties of modern pesticides or with the wide use of the latter now being made in Italy (as shown in Table I), and, virtually, the opportunity of limiting and, where possible, squeezing out, by inspecting the production, marketing and purchase and by disclosing adequate information, adverse effects of any kind and, above all, those of a toxicological (e.g., acute poisoning) and sanitary nature most frequently encountered in some parts of Italy and which are largely due to the ready availability of pesticides to some people who are not sufficiently acquainted with the hazards arising out of a faulty and incautious handling and use of such substances, some of which are extremely toxic.

Impact of Impact Factor, Publication Audit and the importance of Citations.

Abstract: Thompson Reuters of United States releases its Journal Citation Report (JCR) every year covering journals with Impact Factor. The JCR for the Year 2016 was released on June 13th 2016 which covered more than eleven thousand journals from eighty one countries which received their Impact Factor. This year the JCR also includes twelve journals from Pakistan including three biomedical journals. In the Year 2011 only seven journals from Pakistan including two biomedical journals were part of JCR. Hence, there has been an increase in the number of journals as regards Indexation in ISI. 1 The medical periodicals covered in 2016 JCR are Journal of Pakistan Medical Association (JPMA), Journal of College of Physicians & Surgeons Pakistan (JCPSP) and Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. (Pak J Med Sci). For us it was heartening to note that our Impact Factor had gained more than 100% increase from 0.231 in 2015 to 0.544 in 2016. As such Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences also emerged as the biomedical journal from Pakistan with the highest Impact Factor. 2-3 Table-I. As regards the number of

Auditing On-Line Real-Time Electronic Data Processing Systems.

Abstract: I t ia r a p id ly ‘becoming e v id e n t, w ith th e adven t o f o n l in e , r e a l ­ tim e (OLRT) system s, methods o f c o n tro l and a u d it in g p rocedures d ev ised f o r h a tc h p ro c e ss in g system s a re becoming o b so le te . I n an OLRT system i t w i l l no lo n g e r be f e a s ib le t o a u d i t "around" th e com puter comparing source documents w ith f i n a l o u tp u t. N e ith e r can r e l ia n c e be p la c e d on independen t c o n firm a tio n o r p h y s ic a l o b se rv a tio n . The a u d i to r may f in d i t n e c e ssa ry t o be on hand r e g u la r ly i n th e c l i e n t f s p la c e o f b u s in e ss t o a s s u re h im se lf t h a t p roper c o n tro ls a re b e in g e f f e c tu a te d . In dev e lo p in g new tec h n iq u e s t o a u d i t te c h n o lo g ic a lly advanced system s th e a u d i t in g p ro fe s s io n m ust concern i t s e l f w ith : th e te c h n ic a l o r ie n ta t io n o f th e a u d i to r ; h i s p a r t i c ip a t io n in system d esig n ; th e u t i l i z a t i o n o f t e s t decks; and th e tim e p e rio d of th e a u d i t . T his s tu d y p la c e s th e s e i s s u e s w ith in a p ro p er framework and se ts 'd o w n g u id e lin e s t o be used in a u d it in g an OLRT system . To be e f f e c t iv e ly c o n tro l le d and a u d ite d , and OLRT system m ust be u n d ers to o d . I t i s im p o ssib le f o r an u n tra in e d person to a d e q u a te ly e v a lu a te th e p r o p e r t ie s o f such an advanced system . S ince th e a u d ito r m ust have a w orkable knowledge of th e co n cep ts , hardware and system c o n f ig u ra tio n s a p p lic a b le t o r e a l t im e system s, a d e ta i le d coverage of th e s e t e c h n ic a l m a tte r s i s p re se n te d in th e s tu d y . Once th e a u d i to r i s f a m i l i a r w ith th e system c o n f ig u ra tio n and equipm ent c a p a b i l i t i e s , he i s i n a p o s i t io n to e v a lu a te e x is t in g i n t e r n a l c o n tr o ls . An e v a lu a t io n o f c o n tro ls developed f o r b a tc h p ro c e ss in g system s shows them t o be in ad eq u a te f o r OLRT system s. A f u r th e r a n a ly s is o f

Appraisal of Financial Records

Abstract: VOLUME of the financial records of Federal, State, and local governmental organizations presents one of the major appraisal problems faced by records management and archival personnel. The problem in the appraisal of these types of records results from the fears and suspicions of the persons creating these records and of those auditing them, and the public's lack of confidence in the integrity of elected and appointed public officers and employees who disburse governmental income. Political overtones are constantly present, since frequently the political fortunes of war are decided by information contained in these types of records. Definitive publications that provide useful information in the appraisal of financial records for legal and administrative purposes are generally not available. Statutory interpretations, which vary from State to State, present the researcher with more problems than solutions. Sources of information in specific instances are usually found in statutory law relating to the records program; State and Federal statutes governing appropriations; The Guide to Records Retention Requirements (Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service) ; the audit requirements of the U.S. General Accounting Office and of the chief fiscal auditors of the States; plus civil statutes or regulations and the penal code of the State. Despite the treatment of this subject by many authors in texts relating to records management, none definitively advise specific retention periods, because of the wide variety and differences between and among State civil and criminal statutes. Further, the budgetary cycle and budgetary practices of the States differ, as do the policies regarding personal liability for the expenditure of public funds. The objectives of the appraisal may be summarized as retaining the information involved for the preservation and/or protection of public or personal rights and privileges, for administrative needs, and for public relations; and the maintenance of the information for cultural and research purposes. In general the appraisal objectives for financial records are not different from the appraisal of other types of records. The informational content has in varying degrees over varying periods of time administrative, legal, fiscal, research, and educational values. The assessment of these values and the achieve-